Background/Aims: Magnesium is an essential mineral for many metabolic functions. There is very little information on the effect of magnesium supplementation on me

/pdf/magnesium-replacement-improves-the-metabolic-profile-in-3li2qnmub4.pdf

Magnesium Replacement Improves the Metabolic Profile in Obese and Pre-Diabetic Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease: A 3-Month, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

OBJECTIVE —The aim of this study was to examine the relation between carbohydrate-related dietary factors, insulin resistance, and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —We examined cross-sectional associations between carbohydrate-related dietary factors, insulin resistance, and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in 2,834 subjects at the fifth examination (1991–1995) of the Framingham Offspring Study. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated using the following formula (fasting plasma insulin × plasma glucose)/22.5. The metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. RESULTS —After adjustment for potential confounding variables, intakes of total dietary fiber, cereal fiber, fruit fiber, and whole grains were inversely associated, whereas glycemic index and glycemic load were positively associated with HOMA-IR. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was significantly lower among those in the highest quintile of cereal fiber (odds ratio [OR] 0.62; 95% CI 0.45–0.86) and whole-grain (0.67; 0.48–0.91) intakes relative to those in the lowest quintile category after adjustment for confounding lifestyle and dietary factors. Conversely, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher among individuals in the highest relative to the lowest quintile category of glycemic index (1.41; 1.04–1.91). Total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, fruit fiber, vegetable fiber, legume fiber, glycemic load, and refined grain intakes were not associated with prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS —Whole-grain intake, largely attributed to the cereal fiber, is inversely associated with HOMA-IR and a lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Dietary glycemic index is positively associated with HOMA-IR and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Given that both a high cereal fiber content and lower glycemic index are attributes of whole-grain foods, recommendation to increase whole-grain intake may reduce the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome.

https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/diacare/27/2/538.full.pdf

Carbohydrate Nutrition, Insulin Resistance, and the Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort

Hypertension and dyslipidemia are risk factors for atherosclerosis and occur together more often than expected by chance. Although this clustering suggests shared causation, unifying factors remain unknown. We describe a large kindred with a syndrome including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and hypomagnesemia. Each phenotype is transmitted on the maternal lineage with a pattern indicating mitochondrial inheritance. Analysis of the mitochondrial genome of the maternal lineage identified a homoplasmic mutation substituting cytidine for uridine immediately 5′ to the mitochondrial transfer RNAIle anticodon. Uridine at this position is nearly invariate among transfer RNAs because of its role in stabilizing the anticodon loop. Given the known loss of mitochondrial function with aging, these findings may have implications for the common clustering of these metabolic disorders.

/pdf/a-cluster-of-metabolic-defects-caused-by-mutation-in-a-a67gfqq3kd.pdf

A Cluster of Metabolic Defects Caused by Mutation in a Mitochondrial tRNA

Magnesium metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance

Background— Studies suggest that magnesium intake may be inversely related to risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus and that higher intake of magnesium may decrease blood triglycerides and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, the longitudinal association of magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome has not been investigated. Methods and Results— We prospectively examined the relations between magnesium intake and incident metabolic syndrome and its components among 4637 Americans, aged 18 to 30 years, who were free from metabolic syndrome and diabetes at baseline. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III definition. Diet was assessed by an interviewer-administered quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and magnesium intake was derived from the nutrient database developed by the Minnesota Nutrition Coordinating Center. During the 15 years of follow-up, 608 incident cases of t...

Magnesium Intake and Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Young Adults

Low serum magnesium levels are related to diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure (HBP), but as far as we know, there are no previous reports that analyzed the serum magnesium concentration in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MS). We performed a cross-sectional population-based study to compare 192 individuals with MS and 384 disorder-free control subjects, matched by age and gender. Magnesium supplementation treatment and conditions likely to provoke hypomagnesemia, including previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or high blood pressure (HBP), were exclusion criteria. In this regard, only incident cases of DM and HBP were included. MS was defined by the presence at least of two of the following features: hyperglycemia (≥7.0 mmol/l); HBP (≥160/90 mmHg); dyslipidemia (fasting triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/l and/or HDLcholesterol <1.0 mmol/l); and obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 and/or waist-to-hip ratio ≥0.85 in women or ≥0.9 in men). Low serum magnesium levels were identified in 126 (65.6%) and 19 (4.9%) individuals with and without MS, p<0.00001. The mean serum magnesium level among subjects with MS was 1.8±0.3 mg/dl, and among control subjects 2.2±0.2 mg/dl, p<0.00001. There was a strong independent relationship between low serum magnesium levels and MS (odds ratio (OR)=6.8, CI95% 4.2–10.9). Among the components of MS, dyslipidemia (OR 2.8, CI95% 1.3–2.9) and HBP (OR 1.9, CI95% 1.4–2.8) were strongly related to low serum magnesium levels. This study reveals a strong relationship between decreased serum magnesium and MS.

Low serum magnesium levels and metabolic syndrome.

Studies on the role of parental history on the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MS) show inconsistent data that may depend on misclassification of the parental history. Confirming carefully the parental phenotype (PF) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and essential hypertension (EH) of participants' parents, we determined the relationship between PF of either DM or EH and the risk of developing MS in Mexican individuals. A case-control study of 210 subjects randomly recruited from Durango, Mexico was carried out. Subjects with MS (cases) were compared with a control group of subjects without MS matched by age and gender. MS was defined by the presence of two or more of the following: fasting glucose > or =7.0 mmol/l; blood pressure > or =160/90 mmHg; fasting triglycerides > or =1.7 mmol/l and/or HDL-cholesterol or =30 kg/m2 and/or waist-to-hip ratio > or =0.85). The PF of DM and EH was confirmed by direct clinical examination and/or review of certificates of death of each of the participants' parents. Incomplete or unclear data about PH were exclusion criteria. Multivariate analysis showed that PF of DM without EH (odds ratio (OR) 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-7.8, p=0.044) and PF of both DM and EH (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.5-9.1, p=0.0001), but not the PF of EH without DM are independent predictors for developing MS in Mexican individuals. In the offspring generation of Mexican subjects, the PF of DM seems to increase the risk of developing MS, whereas PF of EH does not.

M. Rodríguez-Morán

Papers

Low serum magnesium levels and metabolic syndrome.

The parental phenotype of diabetes, but not of essential hypertension, is linked to the development of metabolic syndrome in Mexican individuals.