In this critical review, metal oxides-based materials for electrochemical supercapacitor (ES) electrodes are reviewed in detail together with a brief review of carbon materials and conducting polymers. Their advantages, disadvantages, and performance in ES electrodes are discussed through extensive analysis of the literature, and new trends in material development are also reviewed. Two important future research directions are indicated and summarized, based on results published in the literature: the development of composite and nanostructured ES materials to overcome the major challenge posed by the low energy density of ES (476 references).

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A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors

Electrochromic tungsten oxide films: Review of progress 1993–1998

Thin catalyst films with electrocatalytic water oxidation properties similar to those of a recently reported Co-based catalyst can be electrodeposited from dilute Ni2+ solutions in borate electrolyte at pH 9.2 (Bi). The Ni-Bi films can be prepared with precise thickness control and operate at modest overpotential providing an alternative to the Co catalyst for applications in solar energy conversion.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/107/23/10337.full.pdf

Nickel-borate oxygen-evolving catalyst that functions under benign conditions.

Transparent nanostructured NiO electrodes have been prepared by heating Ni(OH)(2) sol-gel films at a temperature of 300-320 degreesC. Nanostructured NiO (bunsenite) behaves as a p-type semiconducto ...

Spectroelectrochemistry of Nanostructured NiO

This critical review focuses on the solution deposition of transparent conductors with a particular focus on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin-films TCOs play a critical role in many current and emerging opto-electronic devices due to their unique combination of electronic conductivity and transparency in the visible region of the spectrum Atmospheric-pressure solution processing is an attractive alternative to conventional vacuum-based deposition methods due to its ease of fabrication, scalability, and potential to lower device manufacturing costs An introduction into the applications of and material criteria for TCOs will be presented first, followed by a discussion of solution routes to these systems Recent studies in the field will be reviewed according to their materials system Finally, the challenges and opportunities for further enabling research will be discussed in terms of emerging oxide systems and non-oxide based transparent conductors (341 references)

Solution processing of transparent conductors: from flask to film

Nickel oxide films were deposited by reactive RF magnetron sputtering. Optical and electrochemical characterization showed strong electrochromic activity under certain deposition conditions. X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption measurements indicate that the films are polycrystalline NiO and that the bulk crystal structure does not change upon oxidation and reduction. Electronic conduction in the films and charge storage at the NiO/electrolyte interface were studied by dc resistance and ac impedance measurements. The infrared measurements and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize changes in surface composition

M. Rubin

Papers

Structure and Electronic Properties of Electrochromic NiO Films