Table of contents - 6 Acknowledgements - 8 Editorial note - 11 Preface - 12 1. Introduction: investigating the role of sharia in national law - 18 2. Sharia and national law inEgypt - 52 3. Sharia and national law in Morocco - 90 4. Sharia and national law in Saudi Arabia - 140 5 Shari'a and national law in the Sudan - 182 6. Islam and national law in Turkey - 232 7. Sharia and national law in Afghanistan - 274 8. Sharia and national law in Iran - 320 9. Sharia and national law in Pakistan - 374 10. Sharia and national law in Indonesia - 434 11. Sharia and national law in Malaysia - 492 12. Sharia and national law in Mali - 530 13. Sharia and national law in Nigeria - 554 14. Towards comparative conclusions on the role of sharia in national law - 614 Annexe: Tables - 656 Glossary - 662 About the contributors - 674

https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2728352/view

Sharia Incorporated. A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present

...................................................................................................................... iii Summary ..................................................................................................................... ix Overall Introduction.................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One ................................................................................................................. 7 The Privacy/National Security Balance from a European Perspective .................. 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7 Section I: The Council of Europe ............................................................................ 13 1.0 The Basis for the Data Privacy/National Security Balance .......................... 13 2.0 The Influence of the ECHR on National Legal Systems .............................. 14 3.0 The Jurisprudence of the ECtHR and the Data Privacy/National Security Balance ................................................................................................................. 27 4.0 Shortcomings in the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR The Application of the Margin of Appreciation ........................................................................................ 43 Section II: The European Union .............................................................................. 67 1.0 The European Union and Human Rights Protection in the Context of the data privacy/national security balance ......................................................................... 73 2.0 The Growing Involvement of the EU in Human Rights Protection, particularly in data protection and the circumstances influencing this. ............... 77 3.0 Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC and the Alteration of the Data Privacy/National Security Balance ....................................................................... 79 4.0 Features of Directive 2006/24/EC ................................................................ 81 5.0 Responses to Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC .................................... 82 6.0 Institutional Responses to Directive 2006/24/EC......................................... 94 7.0 Judgment of the CJEU (Grand Chamber) on the Validity of Directive 2006/24/EC......................................................................................................... 103 8.0 The Ruling of the CJEU ............................................................................. 105 9.0 Significance of the Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger Judgment and its Context ............................................................................................................... 109 10.0 Consequences of the Digital Rights Ireland Judgment for Data Privacy/National Security in Europe .................................................................. 114 11.0 Judgments of the CJEU in the Google Spain and Schrems Cases .............. 122 12.0 Developments following the Invalidation of the Safe Harbour Agreement 131 13.0 Impact of the CJEU decisions in the Digital Rights Ireland, Google Spain, and Schrems cases on the data privacy/national security balance ...................... 135 14.0 The Alternative Data Privacy/National Security Balance: Circumventing vi Data Privacy Protections in the EU: The Mass Surveillance of Personal Data by Spy Agencies in some EU Member States ..........................................................135 15.0 Two Parallel Systems of Surveillance .........................................................146 16.0 The Council of Europe Versus The European Union: Which Regime Provides Greater Protection For Data Privacy Rights? .......................................148 17.0 Contrasting the European and U.S. positions on the Balancing of Data Privacy Rights against National Security Interests .............................................153 18.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................156 Chapter Two .............................................................................................................165 The Privacy/Security Balance in the U.S. pre-9/11 ................................................165 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................165 2.0 U.S. Understandings of the Right to Privacy and Particularly Data Privacy .............................................................................................................................168 3.0 Major Interferences with data privacy for national security reasons pre-9/11 in the context of the data privacy/national security balance, with emphasis on the background and role of the NSA. ........................................................................179 4.0 Major Scandals Relating to Data Retention: Privacy Rights Illegally Infringed by the Executive and its Agencies .......................................................186 5.0 Church Committee Report and the Balance Between National Security and Personal Liberties Pre-9/11 .................................................................................191 6.0 Judicial Oversight of Surveillance in the name of National Security: Implications for the Data Privacy/National Security Balance. ............................194 7.0 FISA: Adjusting the Data Privacy/National Security Balance? Restricting the Interpretation of Personal Data in the Context of Intelligence Surveillance by the Executive Branch in the name of National Security ...........................................197 8.0 Balancing Rights which are Qualitatively Different: Philosophical Issues Underlying the Data Privacy/National Security Balancing Paradigm ................209 9.0 Two Data Privacy/National Security Balancing Systems Pre-9/11:The Influence of NSA Surveillance Activity. The Legal and the Actual Balances....220 10.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................224 Chapter Three ...........................................................................................................229 The Privacy/Security Balance in the U.S. Post-9/11 ..............................................229 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................229 2.0 Background ...................................................................................................230 3.0 The Administration's Defence of Its Surveillance Policies and a Scholarly Response .............................................................................................................244 4.0 Ideological Context of the Patriot Act ...........................................................252 5.0 Provisions of the Patriot Act .........................................................................253

The data privacy / national security balancing paradigm as applied in the USA and Europe: Achieving an acceptable balance

The literature teems with definitions of the rule of law, emphasizing attributes such as formal legality, democracy, checks and balances, individual rights, and order In this paper, we order these definitions in a unified typology which distinguishes between ‘thinner’ and ‘thicker’ conceptions of the rule of law We first do this conceptually, in turn advocating an analytical distinction between the shape (aka core), sanctions (aka control), source (aka consent), and substance (aka content) of the rules Subsequently, we test whether these distinctions can be transformed into a one-dimensional hierarchy The empirical analyses do not corroborate the existence of the conceptual hierarchy However, in light of recent writings on political regime change, the empirical hierarchy which emerges makes theoretical sense The consequent overview allows scholars to select more consciously between definitions of the rule of law Moreover, if robust the empirical hierarchy can guide research into the correlates of the rule of law but also calls for further research into the causes and consequences of – and internal relationship between – distinct rule of law-attributes

Systematizing Thin and Thick Conceptions of the Rule of Law

Since the 1990s, the number of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) has grown rapidly worldwide. NHRIs are widely believed to be able to contribute to the realisation of human rights, by embedding international norms in domestic structures. 

Promoting Human Rights: National Human Rights Commissions in Indonesia and Malaysia addresses this issue by a comparative analysis of two NHRIs in Southeast Asia. It traces the development of both organisations since their inception, as well as their performance and effectiveness in three case studies regarding the freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial and the right to adequate housing. It reveals that the manner in which NHRIs address human rights issues differs between categories of rights, and that the promotion of international human rights standards is often hampered by the contestation of these norms, both within and outside of the organisation. 

At the same time, this study highlights some of the contributions the NHRIs have made to the realisation of human rights in challenging circumstances. The author therefore argues that NHRIs play a crucial role in making human rights an integral part of both the state and society.

/pdf/promoting-human-rights-national-human-rights-commissions-in-55iurd74ec.pdf

Promoting Human Rights: National Human Rights Commissions in Indonesia and Malaysia

Worldwide there are two major systems for prosecuting criminal cases, namely the Mandatory Prosecution System (MPS) and the Discretionary Prosecution System (DPS). Under a MPS, prosecutorial discretion to discontinue criminal matters is limited while in DPS it is considerably broader. In the countries surveyed for comparison (i.e. Australia, France, Germany and the Netherlands) which use a DPS it was found that prosecutorial discretion has become more accepted as a mechanism to rationalize the criminal justice bureaucracy and to achieve justice. Prosecutors need discretion in order to adapt to new situations, maximize their resources and tailor individualized justice. Currently Indonesia uses a very restrictive MPS but the current draft of the Criminal Procedure law does facilitate more prosecutorial discretion.
This research answered the question of whether the Indonesian criminal justice system could be enhanced by replacing the MPS with a DPS, like that used in Australia.

Can the Indonesian criminal justice system be enhanced by replacing the mandatory prosecution system with a discretionary one, like that used in Australia?

The past ten years have seen an avalanche of literature on the rule of law, but little agreement on a definition of the concept — if it is defined at all. The present article offers a conceptual framework to deal with this situation. Departing from the two main functions the rule of law intends to serve — protecting citizens against the state and against one another — it dissects the various definitions in use into elements. These elements are discussed one by one and arranged in three categories: procedural elements, substantive elements and control mechanisms.The result may not only be helpful in structuring debates about the rule of law, but also in evaluating claims about the success or failure of ‘rule of law development’. Finally, the article contains suggestions on how to use this framework as a starting point for interdisciplinary research into the rule of law.

/pdf/suatu-pendekatan-elementer-terhadap-negara-hukum-an-17vj6wfohv.pdf

M. Safitri

Papers

Suatu pendekatan elementer terhadap negara hukum [An Elementary Approach to the Rule of Law]