Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form mutualistic symbioses with many tree species and are regarded as key organisms in nutrient and carbon cycles in forest ecosystems. Our appreciation of their roles in these processes is hampered by a lack of understanding of their soil-borne mycelial systems. These mycelia represent the vegetative thalli of ECM fungi that link carbon-yielding tree roots with soil nutrients, yet we remain largely ignorant of their distribution, dynamics and activities in forest soils. In this review we consider information derived from investigations of fruiting bodies, ECM root tips and laboratory-based microcosm studies, and conclude that these provide only limited insights into soil-borne ECM mycelial communities. Recent advances in understanding soil-borne mycelia of ECM fungi have arisen from the combined use of molecular technologies and novel field experimentation. These approaches have the potential to provide unprecedented insights into the functioning of ECM mycelia at the ecosystem level, particularly in the context of land-use changes and global climate change.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi : exploring the mycelial frontier

This article contains measurements proving the benefits of biobutanol in methyl ester fuels made from animal fats. Generally, methyl esters from animal fats have much worse fuel parameters than rape seed methyl esters, for example. The tested biobutanol in this article has improved properties of produced methyl ester. Butanol is more suitable than bioethanol for diesel engines. Fuel properties of density, kinematic viscosity, behaviour of fuel under low temperatures, and flash point and cetane number for different butanol content in fuel blend were tested. It was shown that butanol improves the quality of methyl ester fuels from animal fats, especially its behaviour under low temperatures. Adding biobutanol to blends creates from animal fat methyl ester a more attractive fuel. Furthermore, using animal fat waste for methyl ester production and waste lignocellulose for biobutanol production are considered to be advantageous by the EU as being more sustainable for isolation of waste transfers between regional, natural, and industrial circles of the circular economy.

http://www.pjoes.com/pdf-59295-23579?filename=Biobutanol Standardizing.pdf

Biobutanol Standardizing Biodiesel from Waste Animal Fat

Waste vegetable fats are standardised by biobutanol in this article while replacing biodiesel. Viscosity, density, cold filter plugging point of fuel blend, oxidation stability, and flash point were measured to confirm that a fuel is so close to a fuel standard that it is possible to use it in engines without modification. Results of this analysis have allowed us to propose a new fuel product with the preliminary title BUTVO_60, which symbolises 60% biobutanol and 40% waste vegetable oil. Performance and emission parameters of this new fuel product were tested in a Zetor 8641 tractor with a Forterra supercharged diesel engine. The resulting 30% decrease in power was reached by measuring with an AW NEB 400 dynamometer at PTO, while maintaining 38% torque reserve. But by increasing fuel intake the engine maintained a stable performance. Nitrate emissions and BUTVO_60 particles were considerably lower at the non-road steady cycle (NRSC) test. In contrast to biodiesel, BUTVO_60 fuel also has kept the fuel system cleaner while minimizing carbon, impurities, sediments, and so on. The objective of this article is to allow the use of waste vegetable cooking oils as fuel while replacing biodiesel. The side effect of the proposed method is the ability of decentralised blending at places where local waste cooking oil emerges. No technology in either investment is needed in fuel processing or engine adaptation of fuel oils.

http://www.pjoes.com/pdf-64466-23925?filename=Biobutanol Standardizing.pdf

Biobutanol Standardizing Waste Cooking Oilas a Biofuel

Article deals with problems of the operation of spark ignition combustion engine on high-percentage of blend bioethanol. The aim of the experiment was to find the optimal value of injection time of the engine injection valves with respect to the adaptive ability of the original engine control unit (ECU) when using a special auxiliary control unit (ACU) was adjusted injection time. Special dynamic driving cycle has been designed to assess the effects of prolonged injection time on the adaptive abilities of the ECU that stemmed from a real recording vehicle’s rides with the same engine as was used in conducted experiments. The results proved that by changing the extension of the period of injection occurs a gradual adaptation of the original ECU, but this adaptation is gradual and underway predominantly in modes functional closed-loop control, thus in modes of low to medium of loads. Results of the experiment provide determination of the efficient frontier of the percentage extension injection time with regard to adaptive abilities of original ECU.

/pdf/determination-of-the-optimal-injection-time-for-adaptation-4c5ykmplbf.pdf

M. Schwarzkopf

Papers

Ethanol utilization in the compression ignition engines.

The ecological potential evaluation of fuel E-85.

Economic analyse of using bioetanol in positive ignition engine.