A rapid Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of lead in blood

Introduction Fundamental principles of inductively coupled plasmas Instrumentation for ICP-AES Aerosol generation and sample transport in plasma spectrometry Fundamental aspects of ICP-MS Use of ICP-MS for isotope ratio measurements Alternative plasmas and sample introduction systems Environmental applications of plasma spectrometry Geological applications of plasma spectrometry Applications of plasma spectrometry in food science References Index .

Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry and its applications

CONTENTS
11.1 Sampling 278
11.2 Storage and Preservation 279
11.3 Pretreatment of Samples 280
11.4 Digestion of Samples 281
11.5 Analytical Methods 28211.5.1 Classical Methods 282
11.5.2 Spectrophotometric Method 284
11.5.3 Flame Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyTechniques 285
11.5.4 Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 286
11.5.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Methods 287
11.5.6 Electrochemical Methods 28811.5.6.1 Voltammetric Techniques. 288
11.5.6.2 Potentiometric Techniques 28911.5.7 Ion Chromatography 289
11.5.7.1 Other Chromatographic Techniques 29011.5.8 Other Techniques 290
11.5.8.1 Luminescence 290
11.5.8.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 291
11.5.8.3 Neutron Activation Analysis 29111.5.9 The Particular Case of Mercury 291
11.6 Summary 292
Abbreviations 292
References 293Natural waters contamination is a worldwide distributed problem which deserves large
attention not only due to its environmental hazardous effects but also for the risks to the
human health as well as the economical damages it produces. Between the wide diversity
of pollutants affecting water resources heavy metals receive particular concern considering their strong toxicity even at low concentrations.

Heavy Metals, Major Metals, Trace Elements

Elemental matrix effects in ICP-AES

Analytical techniques applied to the speciation of selenium in environmental matrices

The aim of this work is to review and compare the present possibilities of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ETV-ICP-OES) and electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) for analysis of solid samples, slurries and complex matrixes. The paper keeps in perspective the historical evolution of these techniques, providing an overview of the most relevant advances in instrumentation, methodology and fundamentals and highlighting the most relevant applications carried out during the last decade. The benefits of continuum source-AAS, the possible impact of diode lasers on this technique, the potential of ETV-ICP-methods for fractionation/speciation studies, as well as for resolving spectral interferences, and the influence of the different types of ICP-MS instrumentation currently available on the overall performance of ETV-ICP-MS will be some of the aspects discussed in more detail.

Electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction in atomic absorption, atomic emission and plasma mass spectrometry—a critical review with focus on solid sampling and slurry analysis

Carbon-related matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ☆

In ICP-AES, the analyte signal is superimposed on a background signal. When separating these signals, essentially by manual or automated three-point background correction, there are many instances in which the data reduction falls, e.g., with noisy analyte signals, nonlinear background signals, large and heavily structured background, and spectral interference. On the basis of scans in a fast scanning mode, the Kalman filter approach yields in all cases more accurate and precise results

Kalman filtering for data reduction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Coupling of HPLC and ICP-AES for speciation

In inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, matrix effects can be substantially reduced by applying robust operating conditions, ie a high rf power level and a low nebulizer gas flow However, dissimilar line intensity changes are still observed, in particular with varying salt matrices Calcium and, to a lesser extent, Mg induce stronger effects than Na and K In 01, 03 and 10% Ca matrices, signal changes for 29 atomic as well as ionic lines have been determined with respect to the Ca-free solution The changes range from –5 to –30% for the 10% Ca matrix Starting from robust conditions in radial viewing, the rf power has been adjusted until the Cr ion-to-atom line ratio measured for the calcium solutions equalled the ratio determined during the calibration (0% Ca) By this power adjustment, the changes are within ±4% No matrix effects originating from the sample introduction system are observed, probably due to the high acid concentrations used The practical application of power adjustments is illustrated with results for certified sediment samples and with multiple line analysis for qualitative and semiquantitative analysis The approach is an attractive alternative to matrix matching or standard additions Internal standardization based on one atomic and one ionic line of the same element is indicated as another possibility

M.T.C. de Loos-Vollebregt

Papers

Electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction in atomic absorption, atomic emission and plasma mass spectrometry—a critical review with focus on solid sampling and slurry analysis

Carbon-related matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ☆

Kalman filtering for data reduction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Coupling of HPLC and ICP-AES for speciation

On the use of line intensity ratios and power adjustments to control matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry