Determining the ‘local’ 87Sr/86Sr range for archaeological skeletons: a case study from Neolithic Europe

The Roman Catholic background the Protestants and divorce - theory and practice 17th century England - divorce frustrated divorce in America - the 17th and 18th centuries 18th century France - enlightenment and revolution the secularization of divorce, 1600-1800 the use of the early divorce laws - England, America and France the alternatives to divorce the meaning of marriage breakdown in the past the social context of marriage breakdown 19th century divorce law - liberalization and reaction 1815-1914) the 20th century - the rise of mass divorce explaining the rise of divorce - 1870s-1980s.

Putting Asunder: A History of Divorce in Western Society

OBJECTIVES 
To report on the prevalence of consanguinity in each region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia including the variation in prevalence between urban and rural settlements.
 METHODS 
The study was conducted over 2 years (2004-2005). A cross-sectional sample determined by multistage random probability sampling of Saudi households from each of the 13 regions of the Kingdom. As part of survey questionnaire, the mother of each household was asked on the relationship to her husband to choose one of 3 answers: first-degree cousin, more distant relationship, or no relation.
 RESULTS 
The overall prevalence of consanguinity was 56% with the first-degree cousin (33.6%) being more common than all other relations (22.4%). The overall prevalence was significantly more common in rural (59.5%) than in urban settlements (54.7%) (p=0.000). There are regions with high prevalence of 67.2% such as Madina, and regions with significantly lower prevalence of 42.1% such as Al-Baha (p=0.000).
 CONCLUSIONS 
The national prevalence of consanguinity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia remains high. In addition, there are significant variations in the prevalence of consanguinity between certain regions as well as between rural and urban settlements that should be taken into consideration in further studies.

Regional variations in the prevalence of consanguinity in Saudi Arabia.

This book presents a theory that integrates marriage markets and labor markets (Part 2). She uses data, primarily from Israel and the United States, to predict the effects of particular factors, such as individual resources and market size, on individual and market labor supply and marital outcomes, including bargaining power, polygamy, marriage contract, divorce and fertility. Parts 3 and 4 consider some implications of the theory for the study of sex ratio effects and compensating differentials in marriage. Part 5 provides further applications to the study of cohabitation, divorce, and polygamy. Part 6 examines how a spouse's help increases a person's human capital. The approach is interdisciplinary, combining aspects of sociology, demography, and anthropology, as well as economics.

On the Economics of Marriage - A Theory of Marriage, Labor and Divorce.

This study examines the genetic impact of the Great Famine (1846-1851) on the regional genetic structure of Ireland. The Great Famine resulted in a rapid decrease in population size throughout Ireland in a short period of time, increasing the possibility of genetic drift. Our study is based on migration and anthropometric data collected originally in the 1930s from 7211 adult Irish males. These data were subdivided into three time periods defined by year of birth: 1861-1880, 1881-1900, and 1901-1920. Within each time period the data were further subdivided into six geographic regions of Ireland. Estimates of Wright's FST were calculated from parent-offspring migration data and from 17 anthropometric variables (10 head measures, 7 body measures). Over time, the average population size decreased, but average rates of migration increased. The estimates of FST at equilibrium from migration matrix analysis suggest that the net effect of these opposite effects is a reduction in among-group variation. Closer examination shows that within each time period the rate of convergence to equilibrium is slow, meaning that the expected levels of genetic homogeneity revealed from migration matrix analysis are not likely to be seen over short intervals of time. Estimates of FST from anthropometric data show either relatively little change in microdifferentiation or some increase, depending on which variables are analyzed. Investigation of a simple model of demographic and genetic change shows that, given the demographic changes in post-Famine Ireland, FST could in theory increase, decrease, or remain the same over short intervals of time. Overall, the Great Famine appears to have had minimal impact on the genetic structure of Ireland on a regional level. Comparison with studies focusing on local genetic structure shows the opposite. It appears that the level of genetic impact depends strongly on the level of analysis; local populations are affected to a greater extent by demographic shifts than regional populations. We also provide formulas for the standard errors of FST from metric traits and related statistics.

https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/16265/Crawford_HB_69(4)443.pdf;sequence=1

Genetic Drift and Gene Flow in Post-Famine Ireland

The Fulani are a broad ethnic category of nomadic and seminomadic pastoralists and agropastoralists living in the semiarid Sahel region of sub-Saharan Africa. The Fulani are patrilineal, patrilocal, and moderately polygynous, with arranged first marriages accompanied by the payment of bridewealth, ideally in the form of cattle. Consanguineous marriage is frequent, with first or second cousin marriage preferred. In this paper we present data on levels of consanguineous marriage among the Fulani of northern Burkina Faso and test the hypothesis that inbreeding may be more frequent when there is a scarcity of cattle available, since bridewealth demands are thought to be reduced with close-kin marriage. Among 308 women's marriages, 203 (65.8%) were between kin up to and including second cousins, and 102 (33.1%) were between nonkin. Among 276 men's marriages, 196 (71.0%) were between kin up to and including second cousins, and 77 (27.9%) were between nonkin. The mean population inbreeding coefficient (alpha) was 0.0355 for women, and 0.0374 for men. No increase was found in population levels of inbreeding estimated from marriages contracted after the droughts of 1973 and 1984, which drastically reduced the Fulani's cattle stocks. However, a significantly higher rate of consanguineous marriage was found in families owning the fewest cattle.

Consanguineous marriage among the Fulani.

From 626 ascendant genealogies, known as 'birth briefs', deposited by members of the Society of Genealogists in their London library, rates of consanguineous marriage and coefficients of mean inbreeding (a) of offspring were estimated for cohorts of marriages contracted in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The rate of first cousin marriage in the generation estimated to have married during the 1920s was 0.32%, with no marriages between second cousins. The mean inbreeding coefficient for the offspring of these marriages was estimated as 0.0002. In the previous generation 1.12% of the marriages were between first cousins, and the estimate of mean inbreeding was 0.0007. Comparison with data taken from the published literature suggests that the levels of cousin marriage observed are consistent with a secular decline during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

/pdf/estimates-of-cousin-marriage-and-mean-inbreeding-in-the-5eafmutmz9.pdf

Estimates of cousin marriage and mean inbreeding in the United Kingdom from 'birth briefs'.

2 Abstract This paper uses marital migration data transcribed from the Civil Registers of Marriage 1840-1911 to estimate kinship from migration matrices and isonymy in the Ards Peninsula, Northern Ireland. The distribu- tion of religious denominations (Presbyterian, Episcopalian, and Roman Catholic) varies systematically throughout the region, with up to 77% Roman Catholic in the south and 81% Presbyterian in the north. Portavogie, a fishing village on the east coast, is exclusively Protestant, with a population 93% Presbyterian. Comparison of migration and isonymy with geographical dis- tance by multidimensional scaling and the MATFIT procedure show Por- tavogie to be an outlier, more distantly related to other areas than its geo- graphical position would predict. We suggest that this discrepancy is due to settlement history and occupational and religious isolation. Mantel tests show that marital migration is significantly related to geographical distance (rMG = 0.4257), as is the distribution of religious denominations (rRG = 0.5548) through settlement history. Migration is dependent on religion (rMR = 0.3674), and isonymy is dependent on migration (rIM = 0.2531) but not on ge- ography or religion. With Portavogie omitted from the analysis, the depen- dence of migration on geography and on religion increases (rMG = 0.5583, rMR = 0.5646), as does the correlation between religion and geography (rRG = 0.7213). The dependence of isonymy on migration increases (rIM = 0.5103), and significant correlations between isonymy and religion (rIR = 0.4135) and isonymy and geography (rIG = 0.4660) appear. We argue that a full explana- tion of population structure requires geographical distance, settlement histo- ry, and the influence of religion and occupation to be taken into account. Studies of the genetic structure of human populations at the local, national, and even continental level often use geographical distance and isolation-by-distance as the default explanatory variable, to the extent that Fix (1999) has remarked that explanations of genetic structure are generally exercises in fitting isolation-by- distance equations. It has long been recognized, however, that genetic structure may also be correlated with a number of other physical parameters, such as pop- 1

/pdf/genetic-structure-of-the-ards-peninsula-northern-ireland-8uc2s25j40.pdf

Genetic structure of the Ards Peninsula, Northern Ireland: evidence from civil registers of marriage 1840-1911.

During and in the decades after the Irish Famine of 1846 to 1851, the population of the Ards Peninsula, Co. Down, both declined in numbers and changed in its composition. In 1863 the surnames of all resident householders were collected as part of a national valuation. These data have been used to calculate random isonymy values between civil parishes and the resultant matrix plotted by nonmetric multidimensional scaling. The results revealed both a major geographical barrier to gene flow, and politico-religious boundaries in existence since the early 17th century. The inter-relationships between random isonymy, geographical distance, and religious denominational frequencies within the peninsula were investigated by multiple regression analysis. While geographical influences predominated over short and long distances, in the intermediate distance range religion played the dominant role. The net effect of these subdivisions, in combination with famine-associated population losses, would have been to reduce local effective population sizes significantly, thus enhancing the potential for genetic drift and random inbreeding.

Isonymic analysis of post-famine relationships in the Ards Peninsula, N.E. Ireland: Effects of geographical and politico-religious boundaries.

HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HISTORY: THE SCOPE AND SCALE OF INTERACTION, Malcolm Smith ADAPTATION AND THE ENGLISH DEMOGRAPHIC REGIME, John Landers Adaptation and the Organic Economy The English Case: Population and Economy Adaptation and Maladaptation BRITISH POLYGYNY, Laura Betzig The British Peerage The Bastardy Ratio Household Size Household Composition Fornication Adultery Kings WARFARE AND POPULATION STRUCTURE, James H. Mielke Materials The Way of Finland Impact of the War Discussion and Summary ISONYMY ANALYSIS: THE POTENTIAL FOR APPLICATION OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SURNAME DISTRIBUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN HISTORICAL RESEARCH, Malcolm Smith Surname Studies in History Surname Studies in Biological Anthropology Marital Isonymy Random Isonymy Case Studies Case Study: Coastguards at Selsey Case Study: Occupations in Fylingdales The Application of Isonymy to Historical Questions CALCULATING NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN THE PAST FROM HISTORICAL SOURCES, Derek J. Oddy Sources for Calculating Nutritional Status Dietary Analysis Results Long-term Trends THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC HISTORY, Roderick Floud The Pattern of Change in Height Height and the 'Standard of Living' Debate Future Challenges PALAEOBIOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR THE STUDY OF SURVIVAL OF PAST POPULATIONS, Pia Bennike Neanderthals and the Upper Palaeolithic Populations Palaeopathology and Palaeodemography of Neanderthals The Upper Palaeolithic Population The Mesolithic and Neolithic Populations The Mesolithic Population The Greenland Eskimos and the Norse The Norse 'OBSERVE: OUR NOSES WERE MADE TO CARRY SPECTACLES, SO WE HAVE SPECTACLES', Christopher J. Knusel The Panglossian Paradigm Plasticity: Definitions and Historical Context The Origins of Modern Interest in Plastic Change Controversy and Context Early Developments MINES, MEALS AND MOVEMENT: A HUMAN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE INTERFACE OF 'HISTORY AND BIOLOGY', Holger Schutkowski Historical Biomonitoring Residential Mobility Dietary Behaviour

M.T. Smith

Papers

Consanguineous marriage among the Fulani.

Estimates of cousin marriage and mean inbreeding in the United Kingdom from 'birth briefs'.

Genetic structure of the Ards Peninsula, Northern Ireland: evidence from civil registers of marriage 1840-1911.

Isonymic analysis of post-famine relationships in the Ards Peninsula, N.E. Ireland: Effects of geographical and politico-religious boundaries.

Human biology and history