This article proposes an innovative biometric technique based on the idea of authenticating a person on a mobile device by gesture recognition. To accomplish this aim, a user is prompted to be recognized by a gesture he/she performs moving his/her hand while holding a mobile device with an accelerometer embedded. As users are not able to repeat a gesture exactly in the air, an algorithm based on sequence alignment is developed to correct slight differences between repetitions of the same gesture. The robustness of this biometric technique has been studied within 2 different tests analyzing a database of 100 users with real falsifications. Equal Error Rates of 2.01 and 4.82% have been obtained in a zero-effort and an active impostor attack, respectively. A permanence evaluation is also presented from the analysis of the repetition of the gestures of 25 users in 10 sessions over a month. Furthermore, two different gesture databases have been developed: one made up of 100 genuine identifying 3-D hand gestures and 3 impostors trying to falsify each of them and another with 25 volunteers repeating their identifying 3-D hand gesture in 10 sessions over a month. These databases are the most extensive in published studies, to the best of our knowledge.

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Authentication in mobile devices through hand gesture recognition

Edge detection operation is an essential part in the field of image processing There are few ways to improve the performance of edge detection This paper proposes a FPGA-based approach Sobel edge detection An image is captured by a CMOS camera and converted into RGB color space and the image is converted into grayscale to obtain image intensity for edge detection The proposed Sobel edge detection operator is model using of Finite State Machine (FSM) which executes a matrix area gradient operation to determine the level of variance through different of pixels and display the result on a monitor The whole process is performed in the hardware level that utilizes the resources of FPGA board The result shows good performance of edge detection with 27 MHz clock operation

Performance analysis of FPGA based Sobel edge detection operator

Edge detection operation is a method to detect the presence of object image that commonly used in the field of image processing. The most well known technique for edge detection is gradient-based. There are number of methods that have been used to make an implementation of a gradient-based edge detection algorithm design. This paper proposes a design and implementation of gradient based edge detection algorithm using of Sobel operator. An image is captured by a CMOS camera and converted into grayscale to obtain image intensity for edge detection. The Sobel edge detection operator is controlled by Finite State Machine (FSM) which executes a matrix area gradient operation to determine the level of variance through different of pixels and display the result on a monitor. The whole process is performed in the hardware level and implemented on an Altera field programmable gate array platform. The result shows good performance of edge detection with 27MHz clock operation which is able to detect just within 2ms.

An FPGA Implementation of Gradient Based Edge Detection Algorithm Design

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an emerging technology, infrastructure less with self-organizing, selfhealing, multi-hop wireless routing networks in real time. In such networks, many routing problems arise due to complexity in the network mobility which results from difficulty in achieving energy efficient routing in the field of MANET. Due to the dynamic nature and the limited battery energy of the mobile nodes, the communication links between intermediate relay nodes may fail frequently, thus affecting the routing performance of the network and also the availability of the nodes. Though existing protocols are not concentrating about communication links and battery energy, node links are very important factor for improving quality of routing protocols because Node Rank helps us to determine whether the node is within transmission range or out of transmission range through considering residual energy of the node during the routing process. This paper proposes a novel Energy Efficient Node Rank-based Routing (EENRR algorithm which includes certain performance metrics such as control overhead and residual energy in order to improve the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and Network Life Time (NLT) from its originally observed routing performance obtained through other existing protocols. Simulation results show that, when the number of nodes increases from 10 to 100 nodes, EENRR algorithm increases the average residual energy by 31.08% and 21.26% over the existing Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Energy Efficient Delay Time Routing (EEDTR) protocols, respectively. Similarly it increases the PDR by 45.38% and 28.3% over the existing DSR and EEDTR protocols respectively.

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Energy Efficient Node Rank-Based Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

This paper presents a new method to improve performance of DSR in Ad Hoc Network We present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of DSR protocol by using ACK reply path as a backup route when an original route fails in Mobile Ad Hoc networks In the traditional DSR protocol, a backup route will be initiated to transfer data in route cache when a route is broken However, if the backup route is also failed, it will affect the overall network performance We modify the DSR so-called Modified DSR protocol (MDSR) with the aim that the source node can still receive the ACK reply from destination node when an original route is broken, which means data packets can be transferred along with the ACK path MDSR deploys the idea of TCP-BuS to solve unnecessary resending of lost data packets We simulate our proposed model in NS2, compare the MDSR with DSR in the performance of end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio The result shows that the performance of MDSR is better than the traditional DSR protocol

/pdf/enhancing-dsr-protocol-performance-in-mobile-ad-hoc-network-45oq7ilz0l.pdf

Enhancing DSR protocol performance in mobile ad hoc network using ACK reply

The reactive dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol is a commonly applied protocol in mobile ad hoc networks ( MANETs) When the network size is increased, it is observed that the overhead is also getting increased due to the source routing nature of DSR and this in turn reduces the efficiency of DSR protocol In order to improve the scalability of DSR,in this paper, a modification is proposed for DSR Simulation results show that the modified DSR (MDSR) has less overhead and delay compared to conventional DSR irrespective of network size

Scalability Improved DSR Protocol for MANETs

Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol is a commonly applied reactive protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). When the network size is increased, overhead is increased due to the source routing nature of DSR. Moreover, energy consumption of the nodes increases, as the nodes act as intermediate nodes for many source destination pairs. In order to improve the scalability of DSR, in this paper, a modification is proposed, and is referred to as Modified DSR (MDSR). Secondly, in order to conserve the battery power, MDSR with energy management is proposed, in which the packets are transmitted with minimum required energy. Simulation results show that both MDSR and MDSR with Energy management generate less overhead and delay compared to standard DSR. It is observed that in MDSR with Energy management, irrespective of network size, the average energy consumption per node is 37.9% less compared to that of standard DSR.

Overhead reduction and energy management in DSR for MANETs

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are multi-hop wireless networks where all nodes cooperatively maintain network connectivity When the nodes are highly mobile and the size of the network is large the frequency of link failure is increasing Link failure is identified only during the transmission of data packets Due to this, latency and control load of the network is increasing In this paper, an adaptive timeout mechanism based on hop count is introduced for the removal of stale routes in MANETS using on-demand routing This mechanism is applied on ad hoc on-demand vector (AODV) routing protocol to make it as adaptive AODV (AAODV) The simulation was carried out using GloMoSim-203 simulator The simulation results show that the proposed mechanism is decreasing the number of control packets and increasing the packet delivery ratio

Adaptive Route Timeout for On-Demand Routing Protocols in MANETs

Higher data rate, massive network connection, lower bit error rate, huge data speeds, wider coverage and low latency are the major requirements for the future wireless technology. Millimeter-wave (mmWave) connectivity merged with multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems is a major enabling technology to achieve these criteria. Practical MIMO transceivers face a lot of difficult constraints due to its complex channel estimation and pilot design procedures. Because of the large number of antenna units and user equipment (UE), the system modelling and channel estimation in MIMO suffers from a lot of computational complexity. The feedback overhead is the source of this complexity that affects the pilot data trade-off inside the uplink (UL) or downlink (DL) architecture. This comprehensive study investigates fresh deep learning driven channel estimation strategies and ideal pilot design techniques that have previously been offered in the research to address the issues mentioned above for the very first time.

A Systematic Review on Channel Estimation Methods with Optimal Pilot Design in mmWave MIMO for 5G Applications

Intrusion detection system is considered as one of the main sources for protection of important information and communication technologies especially in healthcare networks. Intrusion detection system must be updated frequently because of intrusions that improves periodically. Due to particular limitations such as resource-constrained devices, limited memory and battery capacity of nodes, and unique protocol stacks, traditional intrusion detection algorithms must be updated and improved for application to the Internet of Things. To address this issue, a lightweight attack detection approach based on supervised machine learning–based FIDS (Frothy Disturbance Intrusion Detection System) was developed to detect an adversary attempting to inject unneeded data into the network. FIDS can play an important role in intrusion detection. The proposed model was trained with KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Database) dataset using SVM (Support Vector Machine) algorithm. AODV (Ad-hoc- on-demand Distance Vector) routing protocol was used for routing to make it more energy efficient since the energy usable was limited. The process of packet transmission was done with the help of clustering algorithm to separate the sensors into groups with each group containing a cluster head.  
 

M. Tamilarasi

Papers

Scalability Improved DSR Protocol for MANETs

Overhead reduction and energy management in DSR for MANETs

Adaptive Route Timeout for On-Demand Routing Protocols in MANETs

A Systematic Review on Channel Estimation Methods with Optimal Pilot Design in mmWave MIMO for 5G Applications

Intrusion detection in healthcare domain using machine learning