L'A. examine les differents types de relations semantiques d'un point de vue linguistique et psychologique, ainsi que leurs principales applications dans le champs des sciences de l'information. Parmi les relations semantiques utilisees dans les structures de connaissances telles que thesaurus et ontologies, il s'interesse plus particulierement aux relations d'hyponymie et d'hyperonymie, de troponymie, de meronymie, d'holonymie, de synonymie, d'antonymie et aux relations de cause a effet. L'identification et l'extraction de ces relations semantiques sont des tâches delicates. Elles sont appliquees a la recherche d'information pour ameliorer l'elargissement des requetes, la precision, le procede de question-reponse et le resume automatique des textes.

/pdf/semantic-relations-in-information-science-1jh2oxqj4j.pdf

Semantic relations in information science

Five experiments were designed to examine whether subjects attend to different aspects of meaning for familiar and unfamiliar words. In Experiments 1–3, subjects gave free associations to high- and low-familiarity words from the same taxonomic category (e.g.,seltzer:sarsparilla; Experiment 1), from the same noun synonym set (e.g.,baby:neonate; Experiment 2), and from the same verb synonym set (e.g.,abscond:escape; Experiment 3). In Experiments 4 and 5, subjects first read a context sentence containing the stimulus word and then gave associations; stimuli were novel words or either high- or low-familiarity nouns. Low-familiarity and novel words elicited more nonsemantically based responses (e.g.,engram:graham) than did high-familiarity words. Of the responses semantically related to the stimulus, low-familiarity and novel words elicited a higher proportion of definitional responses [category (e.g.,sarsparilla:soda), synonym (e.g.,neonate:newborn), and coordinate (e.g.,armoire:dresser)], whereas high-familiarity stimuli elicited a higher proportion of event-based responses [thematic (e.g.,seltzer:glass) and noun:verb (e.g.,baby:cry)]. Unfamiliar words appear to elicit a shift of attentional resources from relations useful in understanding the message to relations useful in understanding the meaning of the unfamiliar word.

/pdf/associations-to-unfamiliar-words-learning-the-meanings-of-43f4n38w81.pdf

Associations to unfamiliar words: Learning the meanings of new words

Gestaltungskonzeption von Zentralisation und Dezentralisation im Konzern

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the organizational effects of semantic relations. The concept of semantic relation is a central concept of the recent memory research in psychology. Similar as the classical concept of association, the term semantic relation stands for assumed connections between memory units. But semantic relations cover more connections between single memory units. They are the result of abstraction processes and they reflect classes of real relations between classes of objects in memory. Semantic relations are differentiable memory contents. The relation between sky and blue retrievable from memory is qualitatively different from the relation between playing and ball, the connection between tree and plant is different from the one between hunter and shooting. These qualitative differences of semantic relations are the cognitive basis of their classification. There are various proposals for the classification of semantic relations ranging from the assumption of four basic binary relations up to a list of more than 20 relations for determining the structure of semantic memory but these classifications are validated by empirical data.

M. Trettin

Papers

Organizational Effects of Semantic Relations