A survey on wireless sensor networks for smart grid

Electrical grid is one of the most important infrastructure of the modern nation. However, power grid has been aged over 100 years and prone to major failures. The imbalance between power demand and supply, the equipment failures and the lack of comprehensive monitoring and control capabilities are other important signs to take incremental steps for switching to a smarter power grid with effective communication, automation and monitoring skills. This new concept is named as smart grid , which is a modern power grid system with advanced communication, monitoring, sensing and control capabilities. Wireless sensor network (WSN) concept places an important role in this modernization process of the power grid with its efficient and low-cost deployment characteristics. However, harsh and complex smart grid environmental conditions, dynamic topology changes, connectivity problems, interference and fading may pose some challenges for the communication performance of WSN technology. For this objective, in this paper, the use of multi-path and single-path QoS-aware routing algorithms under harsh SG environmental conditions is investigated in order to evaluate their service differentiation capabilities in reliability and timeliness domains. In this regard, this study is an important step towards developing novel routing protocols specifically designed for smart grid environments.

Quality-of-service differentiation in single-path and multi-path routing for wireless sensor network-based smart grid applications

Wireless sensor networks haveattracted significant events arereported inresponse toexplicit requests received interest forvarious scientific, military, ande-health applications. fromsink/actor. Inthis study, werefer tothecommunication Recently anewclass ofsensor networks "sensor/actuator" has initiated bytheactors todisseminate their location andtheir beenintroducing new research challenges duetotheunique coordination requirements. Inparticular, actuators thathavethe acting capabilities aspullcommunication. capability tomovecanrespond toemergencies withadaptiveIthasbeenlongargued thatpushismorebeneficial than targeting incomparison tostatic sink-based target management. pullsince itprovides scalability andwellsuits tomonitoring Inthis regard, little workisdoneinterms ofco-existing pushand application, whichdemands continuous event reports (22). It pull dataflows inthenetwork. Alsopositioning oftheactuators isunnecessary toreport a particular eventscenario which inresponse toobservations isstill anopenquestion. is n necest rortaparicar e scenaro whic Inthis paperwe propose anadaptive targeting (RAT)pro- is no ontror the applications this tocol thatallows dynamic sensor-to-actor communication and paperistocontrol thelevel ofdatacommunications through actors coordination inresponse toemergencies. RATexploits the pull/push coordination. There havebeenanumberofstudies mobility ofactor nodes toformdynamic responsibility clusters, fordeveloping push(data collection) (11), (12), (14), (20) thusensures anevent specific response timetoemergencies. basedrouting inWSN aswellaspullbased(querying) Simulation results suggest significant performance improvements approach (21). Somehybrid push-pull techniques (22), (23) interms ofresponse timeandenergy conservation. are (21). S ome thedrpush-pull pue push aresuggested toovercome thedrawbacks ofpurepushor IndexTerms-Adaptive Targeting, Routing, Integrated purepull based approaches in WSN.However, there exist no Pull/Push Coordination, Heterogeneous WSAN integrated push/pull (10) solution fordistributed processing of aquery inwireless sensor andactuator networks. I.INTRODUCTION Inthis paper, wepropose amulti-level solution wherethe R ECENTadvances inwireless technology andthedevel-network canrespond toemergencies without coordinating with opmentofsmall, low-cost, low-energy electronics has a centralized control. Inparticular, we propose routing by ledtopredictions forthedense, highly distributed andintelli- anadaptive targeting (RAT)protocol thatallows sensor-to- gentsensor networks. Increasing onboard processing capabil- actor communication anddynamic coordination ofactors in ityofindividual sensors allow forspontaneous self-organizing response toemergencies. RATcomprises oftwocomponents; sensor networks, dynamic adaptation tofailures, thusreac-Delay-constrained

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/4267954/4267955/04268047.pdf

RAT:Routing byAdaptive Targeting inWireless Sensor/Actor Networks

The conventional electric grid is converting in to the new emerging smart grid by utilizing information and communication technologies. The smart grid allows both the utilities and consumers to monitor and manage energy consumption effectively with the help of wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs). WSANs have large number of low-power, low-cost, and multi-functional wireless sensor and actor nodes. The wireless sensor nodes collect the data from the physical condition of environment, while actor nodes perform different tasks according to the application requirements. For the monitoring and controlling of smart grid assets, WSANs can be considered as potential tools having the capability of low cost, high latency, and flexibility. In smart grid environment, WSANs have the problem of delay in channel access due to packet collisions. In this research work, we compare the performance results of various medium access control protocols in order to analyze which one among them is the best with respect to better throughput and minimum delay for WSANs in the smart grid environment.

Delay-Aware MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks in Smart Grid

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6723/1/Saima_Shaheen_Software_Engineering_NUST_2015.pdf

Error Tolerant Video Streaming in IEEE WLAN

Wireless Sensor Networks are evolving rapidly and are becoming part of our every day life. Vast usage of these networks has resulted in development of many routing protocols for WSN. Sensor nodes have limited battery power, for which many protocols have been designed to use the available energy of the nodes in efficient manner. An energy aware routing algorithm has been developed . It works on location based routing strategy. The algorithm works on the values of average energy and minimum distance for efficient usage of energy and link reversing to cater for the problem of routing holes. In this research paper testing of routing algorithm has been performed. Black Box testing has been applied and found that the algorithm performs efficiently both in case of data delivery and energy consumption.

Quality assurance of energy aware routing algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Error prone wireless channel induces error bursts in transmitted data frames and renders the frames unable to be decoded. Prevalent error control techniques work to combat the error effect through pre- or post- transmission control measures like FEC, ARQ, HARQ etc. All of these techniques induce some sort of processing and retransmission delay in net transmission duration. On other hand, applications transmitting multimedia contents and especially video contents are highly delay sensitive and exhibit hard real time requirements. However, a little degradation in quality of reconstructed video frames can be compromised for better throughput and minimized time delays. The idea of trade off between video quality and throughput has been proposed in this paper; implemented through a +modification to IEEE 802.11 frame format such that certain fields are marked to designate a frame as a video frame. Such designated frames are proposed to be treated differently from normal data frames in order to enhance video throughput and reduce transmission time delay. Results achieved are quite promising; although video frames with high motion contents possess degraded signal quality but perceptually the results seem satisfactory.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7194237/7219513/07219643.pdf

Using MAC frame header for efficient multimedia streaming over IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN

In a multi-camera setup, inter-sensor statistical redundancy should be eliminated most significantly to achieve higher compression efficiency. This consequently saves the required bandwidth for the resultant piece of information coming out of a camera sensor network. In this research work, Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) a video compression standard has been extended to eliminate inter-sensor statistical redundancy for a multi-camera setup. For the formulation of results from all aspects, two strategies have been designed for inter-sensor communication. Moreover system is designed to work under two working modes (named as Scenario-A and Scenario-B). Results formulated in graphical formats show the system performance for both communication strategies under both working modes. Overall system performnace higher compression gains are obtained at lower bitrates.

M. Younas Javed

Papers

Quality assurance of energy aware routing algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Using MAC frame header for efficient multimedia streaming over IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN

An implementation of MPEG in Multi-Terminal Video Coding