Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.

Background/Aims: The Trail Making Test (TMT) has long been used to investigate deficits in cognitive processing speed and executive function in humans. However, t

/pdf/trail-making-test-part-a-and-brain-perfusion-imaging-in-mild-39yyn9gxrs.pdf

Trail Making Test Part A and Brain Perfusion Imaging in Mild Alzheimer's Disease

Low socioeconomic status (SES) is generally associated with high psychiatric morbidity, more disability, and poorer access to health care. Among psychiatric disorders, depression exhibits a more controversial association with SES. The authors carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the magnitude, shape, and modifiers of such an association. The search found 51 prevalence studies, five incidence studies, and four persistence studies meeting the criteria. A random effects model was applied to the odds ratio of the lowest SES group compared with the highest, and meta-regression was used to assess the dose-response relation and the influence of covariates. Results indicated that low-SES individuals had higher odds of being depressed (odds ratio = 1.81, p < 0.001), but the odds of a new episode (odds ratio = 1.24, p = 0.004) were lower than the odds of persisting depression (odds ratio = 2.06, p < 0.001). A dose-response relation was observed for education and income. Socioeconomic inequality in depression is heterogeneous and varies according to the way psychiatric disorder is measured, to the definition and measurement of SES, and to contextual features such as region and time. Nonetheless, the authors found compelling evidence for socioeconomic inequality in depression. Strategies for tackling inequality in depression are needed, especially in relation to the course of the disorder.

/pdf/socioeconomic-inequalities-in-depression-a-meta-analysis-3r302tn1jr.pdf

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Depression: A Meta-Analysis

Estimates of 12-month and lifetime prevalence and of lifetime morbid risk (LMR) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) anxiety and mood disorders are presented based on US epidemiological surveys among people aged 13+. The presentation is designed for use in the upcoming DSM-5 manual to provide more coherent estimates than would otherwise be available. Prevalence estimates are presented for the age groups proposed by DSM-5 workgroups as the most useful to consider for policy planning purposes. The LMR/12-month prevalence estimates ranked by frequency are as follows: major depressive episode: 29.9%/8.6%; specific phobia: 18.4/12.1%; social phobia: 13.0/7.4%; post-traumatic stress disorder: 10.1/3.7%; generalized anxiety disorder: 9.0/2.0%; separation anxiety disorder: 8.7/1.2%; panic disorder: 6.8%/2.4%; bipolar disorder: 4.1/1.8%; agoraphobia: 3.7/1.7%; obsessive-compulsive disorder: 2.7/1.2. Four broad patterns of results are most noteworthy: first, that the most common (lifetime prevalence/morbid risk) lifetime anxiety-mood disorders in the United States are major depression (16.6/29.9%), specific phobia (15.6/18.4%), and social phobia (10.7/13.0%) and the least common are agoraphobia (2.5/3.7%) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (2.3/2.7%); second, that the anxiety-mood disorders with the earlier median ages-of-onset are phobias and separation anxiety disorder (ages 15-17) and those with the latest are panic disorder, major depression, and generalized anxiety disorder (ages 23-30); third, that LMR is considerably higher than lifetime prevalence for most anxiety-mood disorders, although the magnitude of this difference is much higher for disorders with later than earlier ages-of-onset; and fourth, that the ratio of 12-month to lifetime prevalence, roughly characterizing persistence, varies meaningfully in ways consistent with independent evidence about differential persistence of these disorders.

Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States.

Development of the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and its short form among elderly psychiatric patients

Diagnostic validity of the CES-D(Korean version) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a brief cognitive screening tool with high sensitivity for screening patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The authors examined the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the MoCA (MoCA-K) in elderly outpatients. The MoCA-K, a Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, and neuropsychological batteries were administered to 196 elderly persons (mild Alzheimer's disease [AD] = 44, MCI = 37, normal controls [NC] = 115). MoCA-K scores were highly correlated with those of MMSE and CDR. Using a cutoff score of 22/23, the MoCA-K had an excellent sensitivity of 89% and a good specificity of 84% for screening MCI. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were good. The results obtained show that the MoCA-K is brief, reliable, and suitable for use as a screening tool to screen MCI patients in elderly outpatient clinic settings.

Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in elderly outpatient clinic: validation of the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

We translated the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale into Korean, paying careful attention to culturally different modes of expression of depressive feelings and thoughts. The final translated version (CES-D-K) was administered to 164 psychiatric patients and 464 normal subjects residing in the community. Reliability, validity, and the optimal cutoff point of this scale were estimated, including ROC analysis. The CES-D-K was reliable and valid for the Korean population. Two optimal cutoff points were suggested: 24/25, the point which best corresponded to the clinical diagnosis of depression, and 20/21, which most effectively detects and covers depressive symptoms during screening. The higher cutoff points than those in Western countries may be due to different ways of expression affect, especially the suppression of positive affect, in cultures based on Confucian ethics.

Use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale in Korea.

연구목적: 본 연구는 노인성 우울증의 선별 검사도구로 전세계적으로 널리 사용되고 있는 Geriatric Deression Scale(GDS) 및 축약형 GDS(SGDS)가 우리나라에서도 타당성 있게 사용될 수 있는지 평가하기 위한 것 이다. 방 법: 3차례의 예비연구 과정을 거쳐서 우울증 선별 검사도구인 한국판 GDS을 제작한 후에, 88명의 임상환자군 을 대상으로 한국판 GDS의 신뢰도와 타당도 검증, 주요우울증의 선별을 위한 최적절단점 추정, ROC커브 를 이용한 진단적 타당성 분석을 하였으며, 15문항의 한국판 SGDS에 대한 표준화 연구도 아울러 진행하 였다. 결 과: 1) 한국판 GDS는 높은 내적 일치도를 보였고 우리나라에서 이미 표준화되어 사용되어 온 HRS-D, CES-D 와 높은 상관관계를 보임으로서 공시타당도가 증명되었다. 또한 주요우울증군과 비주요우울증군의 2군으로 국 문 초 록

Maeng Je Cho

Papers

Development of the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and its short form among elderly psychiatric patients

Diagnostic validity of the CES-D(Korean version) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression

Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in elderly outpatient clinic: validation of the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

Use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale in Korea.

Validation of Geriatric Depression Scale, Korean Version(GDS) in the Assessment of DSM-III-R Major Depression