计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

Thank you very much for downloading modern applied statistics with s. As you may know, people have search hundreds times for their favorite readings like this modern applied statistics with s, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their laptop. modern applied statistics with s is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the modern applied statistics with s is universally compatible with any devices to read.

Modern Applied Statistics With S

Importance Primary care clinicians find managing chronic pain challenging. Evidence of long-term efficacy of opioids for chronic pain is limited. Opioid use is associated with serious risks, including opioid use disorder and overdose. Objective To provide recommendations about opioid prescribing for primary care clinicians treating adult patients with chronic pain outside of active cancer treatment, palliative care, and end-of-life care. Process The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) updated a 2014 systematic review on effectiveness and risks of opioids and conducted a supplemental review on benefits and harms, values and preferences, and costs. CDC used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework to assess evidence type and determine the recommendation category. Evidence Synthesis Evidence consisted of observational studies or randomized clinical trials with notable limitations, characterized as low quality using GRADE methodology. Meta-analysis was not attempted due to the limited number of studies, variability in study designs and clinical heterogeneity, and methodological shortcomings of studies. No study evaluated long-term (≥1 year) benefit of opioids for chronic pain. Opioids were associated with increased risks, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death, with dose-dependent effects. Recommendations There are 12 recommendations. Of primary importance, nonopioid therapy is preferred for treatment of chronic pain. Opioids should be used only when benefits for pain and function are expected to outweigh risks. Before starting opioids, clinicians should establish treatment goals with patients and consider how opioids will be discontinued if benefits do not outweigh risks. When opioids are used, clinicians should prescribe the lowest effective dosage, carefully reassess benefits and risks when considering increasing dosage to 50 morphine milligram equivalents or more per day, and avoid concurrent opioids and benzodiazepines whenever possible. Clinicians should evaluate benefits and harms of continued opioid therapy with patients every 3 months or more frequently and review prescription drug monitoring program data, when available, for high-risk combinations or dosages. For patients with opioid use disorder, clinicians should offer or arrange evidence-based treatment, such as medication-assisted treatment with buprenorphine or methadone. Conclusions and Relevance The guideline is intended to improve communication about benefits and risks of opioids for chronic pain, improve safety and effectiveness of pain treatment, and reduce risks associated with long-term opioid therapy.

/pdf/cdc-guideline-for-prescribing-opioids-for-chronic-pain-j4r6nt5nmj.pdf

CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain—United States, 2016

/pdf/cdc-guideline-for-prescribing-opioids-for-chronic-pain-48d7kdjqlr.pdf

CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain

25. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. By D. B. Rubin. ISBN 0 471 08705 X. Wiley, Chichester, 1987. 258 pp. £30.25.

Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys

Nicotine vaping among U.S. adolescents has risen rapidly over the past decade, particularly for youth in grade 12. While previous studies examined the relationship between nicotine vaping and combustible cigarette use, less is known about the co-occurrence between vaping and other tobacco products.Using Monitoring the Future grade 12 data (2017-2019), we investigated associations between past 30-day nicotine vaping and non-vaping, non-cigarette tobacco use (smokeless tobacco, large cigars, cigarillos, hookah). Population prevalences of four categories were assessed: neither, vaping only, non-vaping of non-cigarette tobacco only, or both. We further investigated these relationships with logistic regressions accounting for the complex survey design (unadjusted, demographic-adjusted, and further adjusted for other substance use). Finally, analyses were stratified by combustible cigarette use.Depending on the non-cigarette tobacco product, 2.5% to 5.4% of grade 12 students vaped nicotine and used a non-cigarette tobacco product. Controlling for demographics, cigarillo use was associated with nicotine vaping (adjusted RR = 3.44, 95% CI: 3.08, 3.84), as was hookah use (aRR = 3.51, 95% CI: 2.92, 4.23), smokeless tobacco (aRR = 2.97, 95% CI: 2.51, 3.52), and cigar use (aRR = 2.90, 95% CI: 2.49, 3.37). Controlling for cannabis and all non-cigarette tobacco products simultaneously attenuated associations. Associations were stronger among students who did not use cigarettes.Nicotine vaping is associated with use of many non-cigarette tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco, cigarillos, cigars, and hookah. As prevalence of nicotine vaping remains high among adolescents, we should monitor co-use of vaping and other tobacco products. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100112

Co-substance use of nicotine vaping and non-cigarette tobacco products among U.S. grade 12 students from 2017–2019

Appropriateness of Opioid Prescription in Children, Adolescents, and Younger Adults-The Elephant in the Room-Reply.

Addressing drug overdose deaths in pediatrics: Where do we go from here?

UnderstandingtheRural-UrbanDifferencesinNonmedical PrescriptionOpioidUseandAbuseintheUnitedStates

Background. Since 1999, the rate of fatal prescription opioid overdoses and of suicides has dramatically increased in the USA. These increases, which have occurred among similar demographic groups, have led to the hypothesis that the opioid epidemic contributed to increases in suicidal behavior, though the underlying association remains poorly defined. We examine the association between nonmedical use of prescription opioids/opioid use disorder and suicidal ideation/attempts. Methods. We used longitudinal data from a national representative sample of the US adult population, the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Participants (n = 34 653) were interviewed in 2001–2002 (wave 1) and re-interviewed approximately 3 years later (wave 2). A propensity score analysis estimated the association between exposure to prescription opioids at wave 1 and prevalent/incident suicidal behavior at wave 2. Results. Heavy/frequent (⩾2–3 times a month) prescription opioid use was associated with prevalent suicide attempts [adjusted risk ratio (ARR) = 2.75, 95% CI 1.35–5.60]. Prescription opioid use disorder was associated with prevalent (ARR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.20– 3.28) and incident suicidal ideation (ARR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.25–5.37), and prevalent attempts (ARR = 4.19, 95% CI 1.71–10.27). None of the exposures was associated with incident suicide attempts. Conclusions. Heavy/frequent opioid use and related disorder were associated with prevalent suicide attempts; opioid use disorder was also associated with the incident and prevalent suicidal ideation. Given population increases in nonmedical use of prescription opioids and disorder, the opioid crisis may have contributed to population increases in suicidal ideation. Between 1998 and 2016, the suicide rate in the USA increased by 32% (Curtin, Warner, & Hedegaard, 2016) and between 2004–2005 and 2012–2013 the recent suicide attempt rate increased by 27% (Olfson et al., 2017). Some literature suggests that the prescription opioid crisis has contributed to the increase in suicidal behavior (Bohnert & Ilgen, 2019; Kegler, Stone, & Holland, 2017). The opioid crisis in the USA started around 1997 and was characterized by a two-fold increase in the rate of long-term use of opioids to treat non-cancer pain from 1997 to 2005 (Boudreau et al., 2009). From 1999 to 2016 the nation experienced a 340% increase in prescription opioids fatal overdoses (Hedegaard, Warner, & Miniño, 2017). The prescription opioid crisis may have influenced suicidal behavior by increasing the number of individuals with suicidal ideation/behavior, through the effects that the continuous use opioids and opioid use disorder have on the reward system (Garland, Froeliger, Zeidan, Partin, & Howard, 2013; Hyman, Malenka, & Nestler, 2006). As the reward system is altered by external opioids, individuals may become gradually insensitive to rewarding experiences with a need for higher opioid doses to achieve prior levels of psychological well-being (Garland, Hanley, Thomas, Knoll, & Ferraro, 2015; Hyman et al., 2006). Continuous use of opioids can result in loss of control over opioid use despite the social and health problems it causes, and social and occupational activities being neglected, all central characteristics of opioid use disorder (APA, 2013). Emotional pain and distress experienced during withdrawal periods can also result in a cascade of events that increases the levels of neuropeptides involved in maintaining negative mood states (Koob & Le Moal, 2001; Striebel & Kalapatapu, 2014). Opioid withdrawal has been characterized by states of severe dysphoria (Hyman et al., 2006), and continuous use of a prescription opioid is associated with a high risk of depression (Scherrer et al., 2013). Further, disinhibition effects of opioids could increase the risk of individuals with suicidal thoughts, whether or not linked to depressive states, acting on these impulses (Ilgen et al., 2016). Moreover, those with opioid use disorder may face social discrimination and financial challenges that can trigger feelings of failure and despair and eventually suicidal behavior. The link between the use of prescription opioids and suicidal symptoms in non-clinical settings is supported by evidence from epidemiologic surveys (Ford & Perna, 2015; Kuramoto, Chilcoat, Ko, & Martins, 2012; Zullig, Divin, Weiler, Haddox, & Pealer, 2015). Cross-sectional studies indicate that nonmedical use of prescription opioids is associated with a two-fold increased risk of suicidal thoughts among adolescents (Zullig et al., 2015) and a 1.4-to two-fold risk of suicidal thoughts in adults (Ford & Perna, 2015; Kuramoto et al., 2012). Although these studies controlled for the effects of some important factors that could explain the association between opioid use and suicidal outcomes, lack of control for psychiatric disorders or adverse childhood experiences could partially explain their findings. In addition, because measures of opioid use and suicidal outcomes are usually obtained for the same period (e.g. past year), it is difficult to assess the temporal relationship between opioid use and suicidal behavior in these studies. Further research attending to temporality and improved control for important covariates would provide a more robust test of the hypothesis that nonmedical opioid use contributes to the risk of suicidal symptoms. The objective of this study was to test whether the nonmedical use of prescription opioids, the heavy/frequent use of prescription opioids, and related disorder were associated with subsequent suicidal ideation and attempts. We tested these associations in a national longitudinal representative sample of the US population. The results of this study can shed light on one of the potential factors contributing to the recent increase in the rate of suicide deaths. This information can be used in harm reduction and substance use disorder treatment programs with the goal of treating opioid use disorder and preventing suicidal behavior.

Magdalena Cerdá

Papers

Co-substance use of nicotine vaping and non-cigarette tobacco products among U.S. grade 12 students from 2017–2019

Appropriateness of Opioid Prescription in Children, Adolescents, and Younger Adults-The Elephant in the Room-Reply.

Addressing drug overdose deaths in pediatrics: Where do we go from here?

UnderstandingtheRural-UrbanDifferencesinNonmedical PrescriptionOpioidUseandAbuseintheUnitedStates

S0033291720002160jra 372..378