Background and objectives : The expansion of evidence-based practice across sectors has lead to an increasing variety of review types. However, the diversity of terminology used means that the full potential of these review types may be lost amongst a confusion of indistinct and misapplied terms. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive insight into the most common types of reviews, with illustrative examples from health and health information domains. Methods : Following scoping searches, an examination was made of the vocabulary associated with the literature of review and synthesis (literary warrant). A simple analytical framework—Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA)—was used to examine the main review types. Results : Fourteen review types and associated methodologies were analysed against the SALSA framework, illustrating the inputs and processes of each review type. A description of the key characteristics is given, together with perceived strengths and weaknesses. A limited number of review types are currently utilized within the health information domain. Conclusions : Few review types possess prescribed and explicit methodologies and many fall short of being mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding such limitations, this typology provides a valuable reference point for those commissioning, conducting, supporting or interpreting reviews, both within health information and the wider health care domain.

/pdf/a-typology-of-reviews-an-analysis-of-14-review-types-and-fbhe9rdct6.pdf

A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies

Secret History: Return of the Black Death Channel 4, 7-8pm In 1348 the Black Death swept through London, killing people within days of the appearance of their first symptoms. Exactly how many died, and why, has long been a mystery. This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale. And they ask, what might be coming next?

Medscape

In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

An Introduction to MultiAgent Systems.

Background: There is currently a lack of information about the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication among the general public, patients, and health professionals from primary research Objective: To review the current published literature to identify the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication among the general public, patients, and health professionals, and identify current gaps in the literature to provide recommendations for future health communication research Methods: This paper is a review using a systematic approach A systematic search of the literature was conducted using nine electronic databases and manual searches to locate peer-reviewed studies published between January 2002 and February 2012 Results: The search identified 98 original research studies that included the uses, benefits, and/or limitations of social media for health communication among the general public, patients, and health professionals The methodological quality of the studies assessed using the Downs and Black instrument was low; this was mainly due to the fact that the vast majority of the studies in this review included limited methodologies and was mainly exploratory and descriptive in nature Seven main uses of social media for health communication were identified, including focusing on increasing interactions with others, and facilitating, sharing, and obtaining health messages The six key overarching benefits were identified as (1) increased interactions with others, (2) more available, shared, and tailored information, (3) increased accessibility and widening access to health information, (4) peer/social/emotional support, (5) public health surveillance, and (6) potential to influence health policy Twelve limitations were identified, primarily consisting of quality concerns and lack of reliability, confidentiality, and privacy Conclusions: Social media brings a new dimension to health care as it offers a medium to be used by the public, patients, and health professionals to communicate about health issues with the possibility of potentially improving health outcomes Social media is a powerful tool, which offers collaboration between users and is a social interaction mechanism for a range of individuals Although there are several benefits to the use of social media for health communication, the information exchanged needs to be monitored for quality and reliability, and the users’ confidentiality and privacy need to be maintained Eight gaps in the literature and key recommendations for future health communication research were provided Examples of these recommendations include the need to determine the relative effectiveness of different types of social media for health communication using randomized control trials and to explore potential mechanisms for monitoring and enhancing the quality and reliability of health communication using social media Further robust and comprehensive evaluation and review, using a range of methodologies, are required to establish whether social media improves health communication practice both in the short and long terms

A New Dimension of Health Care: Systematic Review of the Uses, Benefits, and Limitations of Social Media for Health Communication

Background: The cornerstone of the public health function is to identify healthcare needs, to influence policy development, and to inform change in practice. Current data management practices with paper-based recording systems are prone to data quality defects. Increasingly, healthcare organizations are using technology for the efficient management of data. The aim of this study was to compare the data quality of digital records with the quality of the corresponding paper-based records using a data quality assessment framework. Methodology: We conducted a desk review of paper-based and digital records over the study duration from April 2016 to July 2016 at six enrolled tuberculosis (TB) clinics. We input all data fields of the patient treatment (TB01) card into a spreadsheet-based template to undertake a field-to-field comparison of the shared fields between TB01 and digital data. Findings: A total of 117 TB01 cards were prepared at six enrolled sites, whereas just 50% of the records (n = 59; 59 out of 117 TB01 cards) were digitized. There were 1239 comparable data fields, out of which 65% (n = 803) were correctly matched between paper based and digital records. However, 35% of the data fields (n = 436) had anomalies, either in paper-based records or in digital records. The calculated number of data quality issues per digital patient record was 1.9, whereas it was 2.1 issues per record for paper-based records. Based on the analysis of valid data quality issues, it was found that there were more data quality issues in paper-based records (n = 123) than in digital records (n = 110). Conclusion: There were fewer data quality issues in digital records as compared with the corresponding paper-based records of tuberculosis patients. Greater use of mobile data capture and continued data quality assessment can deliver more meaningful information for decision making.

https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/3/3/27/pdf

Data Quality: A Negotiator between Paper-Based and Digital Records in Pakistan’s TB Control Program

About 1.2 million people in Europe have Parkinson's disease PD. PD patients often suffer from social exclusion and depression due to progressive lack of control over the disease. Eventually, most require constant care, leading to huge socioeconomic burdens. To partially tackle this issue, 7 partners in 7 countries participated in LiveWell EU-funded project, 2012-14 to develop an innovative Web-based education, training and social community platform targeting PD patients, carers and clinicians. This paper describes LiveWell from conception to completion, presents lessons learnt over the course of the project, and highlights some identified main areas of best practice. The Project Consortium might not have had the chance to implement everything learnt in the current outputs, but these lessons and guidelines can be later used to improve LiveWell, and can also be generalised to benefit similar e-health services. The combination of appropriate online education and social communities could help patients and carers cope positively with PD, promoting social inclusion and better outcomes.

LiveWell-Promoting Healthy Living and Wellbeing for Parkinson Patients through Social Network and ICT Training: Lessons Learnt and Best Practices

HTML5 is being developed as the next major revision of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), the core markup language of the World Wide Web. It aims at reducing the need for proprietary, plug-in-based rich Internet application (RIA) technologies such as Adobe Flash. The canvas element is part of HTML5 and is used to draw graphics using scripting (e.g., JavaScript). This paper introduces Cartagen, an open-source, vector-based, client-side framework for rendering plug-in-free, offline-capable, interactive maps in native HTML5 on a wide range of Web browsers and mobile phones. Cartagen was developed at MIT Media Lab's Design Ecology group. Potential applications of the technology as an enabler for participatory online mapping include mapping real-time air pollution, citizen reporting, and disaster response, among many other possibilities.

Web GIS in practice VIII: HTML5 and the canvas element for interactive online mapping

The proportion of Saudi cancer patients who utilize online information resources is unknown; therefore, this project was designed to characterize Internet utilization by this group. Saudi cancer patients who met defined eligibility criteria responded to a questionnaire to examine Internet utilization, barriers to access, and information needs. Of the 150 patients included, only 19(13%) used the Internet to receive online information. From patients' perspectives, inability to use a computer (57%), limited English language proficiency (55%), and not knowing about online resources (44%) were the most frequent barriers. A multivariate analysis showed that owning a personal computer was the only variable that distinguished Internet users from nonusers. This study provides the only available data concerning access to Internet information by cancer patients in Saudi Arabia. The study showed that the access rate is unacceptably low due to several barriers. Prompted by the study results, pragmatic recommendations are provided.

/pdf/access-to-online-information-by-adult-saudi-cancer-patients-4xi599daoc.pdf

Access To Online Information By Adult Saudi Cancer Patients

Web 2.0 technologies, where users participate in content production, are increasingly used as informational and educational resources. Wikipedia is frequently cited by students in the healthcare professions. This study compared the accuracy and completeness of drug information in Wikipedia to Medscape Drug Reference, a traditionally-edited resource. Wikipedia answered fewer questions [40.0% vs. 82.5%] (p<0.001) and was less complete (p=0.00076) than Medscape. No gross errors were found in Wikipedia and its content has improved over time.

Maged N. Kamel Boulos

Papers

Data Quality: A Negotiator between Paper-Based and Digital Records in Pakistan’s TB Control Program

LiveWell-Promoting Healthy Living and Wellbeing for Parkinson Patients through Social Network and ICT Training: Lessons Learnt and Best Practices

Web GIS in practice VIII: HTML5 and the canvas element for interactive online mapping

Access To Online Information By Adult Saudi Cancer Patients

Accuracy and completeness of drug information in Wikipedia