What will 5G be? What it will not be is an incremental advance on 4G. The previous four generations of cellular technology have each been a major paradigm shift that has broken backward compatibility. Indeed, 5G will need to be a paradigm shift that includes very high carrier frequencies with massive bandwidths, extreme base station and device densities, and unprecedented numbers of antennas. However, unlike the previous four generations, it will also be highly integrative: tying any new 5G air interface and spectrum together with LTE and WiFi to provide universal high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. To support this, the core network will also have to reach unprecedented levels of flexibility and intelligence, spectrum regulation will need to be rethought and improved, and energy and cost efficiencies will become even more critical considerations. This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue.

What Will 5G Be

The Internet of Things (IoT) shall be able to incorporate transparently and seamlessly a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of a plethora of digital services. Building a general architecture for the IoT is hence a very complex task, mainly because of the extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper, we focus specifically to an urban IoT system that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at exploiting the most advanced communication technologies to support added-value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. This paper hence provides a comprehensive survey of the enabling technologies, protocols, and architecture for an urban IoT. Furthermore, the paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.

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Internet of Things for Smart Cities

The vision of next generation 5G wireless communications lies in providing very high data rates (typically of Gbps order), extremely low latency, manifold increase in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users’ perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing cellular networks. 5G wireless systems, with improved data rates, capacity, latency, and QoS are expected to be the panacea of most of the current cellular networks’ problems. In this survey, we make an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks. We first discuss the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN. Subsequently, we make an in-depth survey of underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies, encompassing new channel model estimation, directional antenna design, beamforming algorithms, and massive MIMO technologies. Next, the details of MAC layer protocols and multiplexing schemes needed to efficiently support this new physical layer are discussed. We also look into the killer applications, considered as the major driving force behind 5G. In order to understand the improved user experience, we provide highlights of new QoS, QoE, and SON features associated with the 5G evolution. For alleviating the increased network energy consumption and operating expenditure, we make a detail review on energy awareness and cost efficiency. As understanding the current status of 5G implementation is important for its eventual commercialization, we also discuss relevant field trials, drive tests, and simulation experiments. Finally, we point out major existing research issues and identify possible future research directions.

Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios, millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed, which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.

A Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and Emerging Technologies

Wireless communication with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a promising technology for future communication systems. In this paper, assuming that the UAV flies horizontally with a fixed altitude, we study energy-efficient UAV communication with a ground terminal via optimizing the UAV’s trajectory, a new design paradigm that jointly considers both the communication throughput and the UAV’s energy consumption. To this end, we first derive a theoretical model on the propulsion energy consumption of fixed-wing UAVs as a function of the UAV’s flying speed, direction, and acceleration. Based on the derived model and by ignoring the radiation and signal processing energy consumption, the energy efficiency of UAV communication is defined as the total information bits communicated normalized by the UAV propulsion energy consumed for a finite time horizon. For the case of unconstrained trajectory optimization, we show that both the rate-maximization and energy-minimization designs lead to vanishing energy efficiency and thus are energy-inefficient in general. Next, we introduce a simple circular UAV trajectory, under which the UAV’s flight radius and speed are jointly optimized to maximize the energy efficiency. Furthermore, an efficient design is proposed for maximizing the UAV’s energy efficiency with general constraints on the trajectory, including its initial/final locations and velocities, as well as minimum/maximum speed and acceleration. Numerical results show that the proposed designs achieve significantly higher energy efficiency for UAV communication as compared with other benchmark schemes.

Energy-Efficient UAV Communication With Trajectory Optimization

It is provided a wireless communication device adapted to employing a paging and/or tracking mode determined based on a motion state of the wireless communication device, a network entity adapted to determining a paging and/or tracking mode for the wireless communication device, and a method for paging and/or tracking a wireless communication device the wireless communication device being adapted to communicate with the network entity of a wireless communication network, and further adapted to evaluate, in the wireless communication device, a condition that indicates an in-motion or stationary state of the wireless communication device and transmit information for adapting a paging and/or tracking mode in the network, information indicating the in-motion or stationary state of the of the wireless communication device towards the communication network

Paging and tracking a wireless communication device

Redundant Manipulator as a Tool for Disabled People in an Unstructured Environment

High system capacity is of utmost importance for future GSM/EDGE networks, with increasing attention given to improved downlink performance. One performance enhancing feature for the downlink is transmit diversity, where the base station transmits from multiple antennas. This paper studies the transmit diversity schemes delay diversity, antenna hopping and phase hopping, which can be used for all existing terminals. Antenna hopping is shown to be very attractive for the non-frequency hopping traffic channels, while delay diversity is an interesting technique for the frequency hopping channels. In an interference limited network, however, it is shown that for terminals with advanced receiver algorithms for interference suppression the performance gains may be reduced if interfered by a base station employing delay diversity.

Transmit diversity options for GSM/EDGE

A method and a vehicle (110) as well as a method and a user equipment (130) for enabling a network node (120) to manage paging of the user equipment (130) are disclosed. Moreover, a method and a network node for managing paging of a user equipment (130) are disclosed. The user equipment (130) sends, to the vehicle (1 10), an identification of the user equipment (130) by use of a direct wireless communication connection. Then, the vehicle (110) sends, to the network node (120), the identification of the user equipment (130). The network node (120) sends, to the user equipment (130), a control message instructing the user equipment (130) to apply a second DRX cycle, wherein the second DRX cycle is longer than a first DRX cycle. The network node (120) also receives, from the vehicle (1 10), position information of the vehicle (110), whereby the network node (120), upon paging of the user equipment (130), sends a paging message, based on the position information of the vehicle (1 10), to the user equipment (130). Corresponding computer programs and carriers therefor are also disclosed.

Magnus Olsson

Papers

Paging and tracking a wireless communication device

Redundant Manipulator as a Tool for Disabled People in an Unstructured Environment

Transmit diversity options for GSM/EDGE

Methods and vehicle, network node and user equipment for enabling efficient paging

Integration of Simulation and Execution in Industrial Robot Systems