With the remarkable progress of cooperative communication technology in recent years, its transformation to vehicular networking is gaining momentum. Such a transformation has brought a new research challenge in facing the realization of cooperative vehicular networking (CVN). This paper presents a comprehensive survey of recent advances in the field of CVN. We cover important aspects of CVN research, including physical, medium access control, and routing protocols, as well as link scheduling and security. We also classify these research efforts in a taxonomy of cooperative vehicular networks. A set of key requirements for realizing the vision of cooperative vehicular networks is then identified and discussed. We also discuss open research challenges in enabling CVN. Lastly, the paper concludes by highlighting key points of research and future directions in the domain of CVN.

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Cooperative Vehicular Networking: A Survey

L’etude realisee dans ce memoire porte sur la communication et la transmission des donnees dans le contexte des reseaux de capteurs. Pour ameliorer la fiabilite de transmission, des relais sont inseres entre les capteurs et la destination afin de pouvoir corriger les erreurs de transmissions en utilisant des codes LDPC. L’architecture est donc optimisee grâce aux codes en blocs mais aussi a l’aide des protocoles de detection d’erreurs et aussi a l’aide de la combinaison de la correction et de la detection d’erreurs. Les systemes d’antennes multiples forment egalement une option tres interessante pour l’amelioration des performances. L’efficacite energetique est etudiee dans les differents protocoles et solutions proposes. Une optimisation conjointe du codage de canal et du codage de reseau physique est egalement effectuee.

Cooperative Communications In Mobile Ad hoc NETworks

During mobile edge computing, due to the movement of nodes and the exhaustion of node energy, link failure occurs thus reducing the network lifetime in the mobile ad-hoc network. When the route fails, because the single-path protocols need to restart the route discovery process, the delay of the network is greatly increased. Therefore, the multi-path routing protocol is proposed, saving the cost of route discovery. In this paper, we propose an ad hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol based on link lifetime and energy consumption prediction (named LLECP-AOMDV) for mobile edge computing. In the route discovery phase, the energy grading strategy is adopted. When the node energy is lower than the threshold, it no longer participates in the route discovery. In the routing selected phase, the path is selected based on the lifetime of the route link and the minimum energy consumption of the route. According to energy consumption, packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay performance indicators, we evaluate the comparison results. The result shows that under most network performance indicators and parameters, the proposed LLECP-AOMDV is superior to the other three protocols, which improves the network lifetime, reduces the node's energy consumption and the average end-to-end delay. The protocol is very useful for mobile edge computing.

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A Multi-Path Routing Protocol Based on Link Lifetime and Energy Consumption Prediction for Mobile Edge Computing

The mobility and resource limitation of nodes are the critical factors that affect the performance of Mobile AD hoc network (MANET). The mobility of nodes will affect the stability of links, and the limitation of node resources will lead to congestion, so it is very difficult to design a routing protocol that supports quality of service (QoS) in MANET. Especially in the scenario of high-speed node movement, frequent link interruption will damages QoS performance, so it is necessary to design MANET routing protocol that can adapt to network topology changes to support QoS. In this paper, we propose a Topological change Adaptive Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (TA-AOMDV) routing protocol, which can adapt to high-speed node movement to support QoS. In this protocol, a stable path selection algorithm is designed, which not only takes node resources (residual energy, available bandwidth and queue length) as the path selection parameters, but also considers the link stability probability between nodes. Furthermore, in order to adapt to the rapid change of topology, link interrupt prediction mechanism is integrated into the protocol, which updates the routing strategy based on periodic probabilistic estimates of link stability. Different scenarios with node speed in the range of 10-50m/s, data rate in the range of 4-40kbps and number of nodes in the range of 10-100 are simulated on NS2 platform. Our results show that the QoS metrics (packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, and throughput) of the proposed protocol are significantly improved when the node speed is higher than 30m/s although it is slightly better when the node speed is lower than 30m/s. Our on-demand multipath routing protocol demonstrates high potential to support QoS for high-speed MANET.

An Adaptive on-Demand Multipath Routing Protocol With QoS Support for High-Speed MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks are constructed without any administration, providing the quality of service in spite of routing overhead. In MANET, it is impossible for a mobile host to contact with other hosts in a single-hop fashion. In a multi-hop scenario, packets sent by the source host are relayed by a number of intermediate hosts before reaching the destination host. Due to node mobility in MANETs, frequent path failures and route discoveries occur. Hence, RREQ (Route Request) packets have to be broadcasted for finding the route. This leads to excessive redundant retransmission of RREQ packets. This strategy induces routing overhead in MANET. In this paper, we propose a reliable routing method to obtain the Quality of Service in MANET. The bandwidth requirement is calculated using the strength of the node's signal in the established nodes. The selection of route is based on the fewer amounts of delay and strong stability. To ascertain the route more efficient than traditional broadcasting style, rebroadcast can be done with the assistance of neighbor knowledge methods. Here, NKR (Neighbor Knowledge-based Rebroadcast) algorithm and LVC (Loose Virtual Clustering) algorithm are used for routing overhead reduction in MANETs. The experimental results prove that the proposed work performs well in terms of routing overhead, network traffic and successful broadcast of data packets in the network.

Neighbor Knowledge-based Rebroadcast algorithm for minimizing the routing overhead in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

A novel selective cross layer based routing scheme using ACO method for vehicular networks

With a growing demand of multimedia communication over MANETs, to support quality of service (QoS), the MAC standards such as 802.11a/b/g operate with multiple data rates to efficiently utilize the limited resources. Since the wireless channel is shared among the neighbors in MANETs, determining delay-sensitive and congestion-aware routes using the IEEE 802.11 MAC is still a challenging problem. This paper proposes a novel cross-layer approach called congestion-adaptive and delay-sensitive multirate (CADM) routing protocol in MANETs. The CADM protocol exploits the cross-layer interaction between the network layer, MAC, and physical layer. The CADM accesses the correlation between data rate, congestion metric, and MAC delay in delay-sensitive applications to provide enhanced network efficiency in MANETs. The protocol discovers multiple node-disjoint routes and facilitates optimal data rates between the links based on the estimated delay to admit a flow with the certain delay requirement in multirate MANETs. The proposed CADM protocol discovers the route through less congested nodes and also actively handles the congestion if it occurs. The performance of the CADM protocol is comprehensively assessed through the simulation, which highlights the advantages of our cross-layer mechanism.

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Congestion-Adaptive and Delay-Sensitive Multirate Routing Protocol in MANETs: A Cross-Layer Approach

This paper proposes a cross layer approach for efficient dissemination of emergency messages in VANETs (CL-DEM) by minimizing the message redundancy and maintaining low end-to-end communication delays. We propose a scheme to select a one-hop neighbor relay as a potential forwarder for relaying the broadcast messages to improve the transmission reliability in a platoon of vehicles. The relay selection metrics compose of vehicular density, vehicular velocity, and the geographical location. The selected relay controls the broadcast messages with minimum overhead and with minimum bandwidth consumption. To provide the service differentiation to different traffic classes, we adopt 802.11e MAC. The cross layer is further extended to the transport layer to dynamically adapt the data transmission rate based on the physical channel state. The extensive simulation analysis conducted reveals that the proposed cross-layer scheme effectively propagates the critical broadcast messages with minimum latency.

Cross layer approach for efficient dissemination of emergency messages in VANETs

The Internet of Vehicles is an upcoming prototype, one which has introduced cutting edge applications and facilities which require the fulfillment of a certain Quality of Service (QoS). Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are the backbone for IoV, providing the support for autonomous inter-vehicle communication and road safety management. The communication in VANETS is challenging as they suffer from several issues due to their intrinsic features such as higher vehicle mobility, rapidly changing topology, etc. Hence the strategies adopted in the routing layer play an important role in the overall application performance. Conventionally, in VANETs routing protocol design, each layer of the model is optimized individually, which does not satisfy dynamic system conditions in VANETs and lags behind the acceptable Quality of Service (QoS) standards. In this paper, we propose to design a novel cross layer based reliable vehicular routing model (CL-RVR), to facilitate reliable routing in VANETs, that would cater to QoS requirements for desired applications by combining the parameters from physical and network layers. Extensive experimental simulations are used to analyze the key performance metrics.

Cross Layer Approach for Neighbor Node Selection in VANET Routing

The rapid growth and technological progressions in the vehicle edge computing and networks (VECON) enhanced existing vehicular administrations through information sharing and information investigation, which further incremented traffic security difficulties. This carries the need to verify vehicle networks with gigantic information stockpiling substances. Recognizing the vehicles that communicate fashioned messages and ensuring the protection of every vehicle is an essential assignment. Blockchain can be utilized as an effective solution to provide security during vehicle edge computing. Every transaction and data is recorded in the blockchain, which expands the number of blocks after some time. Another test in blockchain methods is utilizing a consensus mechanism, which can be effectively undermined by the attackers. Artificial intelligence (AI) trained by machine learning (ML) algorithms as an amazing paradigm can be incorporated with blockchain to settle these issues. The data storing methods of blockchain can likewise be enhanced with the assistance of ML algorithms. In this paper, a two-tier authenticated consortium blockchain (TTA-CB) protocol is proposed for secure information partaking in Vehicle Edge Computing and Networks (VECONs). Utilizing a one-time password (OTP) based notoriety estimation calculation, the misbehaving vehicles are recognized. The use of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) understands the ideal data provider selection issue utilizing notoriety esteems. Exploratory outcomes demonstrate the importance of the proposed strategy, and the correlation results demonstrate that the proposed technique is unrivaled and secure.

Mahadev A. Gawas

Papers

A novel selective cross layer based routing scheme using ACO method for vehicular networks

Congestion-Adaptive and Delay-Sensitive Multirate Routing Protocol in MANETs: A Cross-Layer Approach

Cross layer approach for efficient dissemination of emergency messages in VANETs

Cross Layer Approach for Neighbor Node Selection in VANET Routing

An integrative approach for secure data sharing in vehicular edge computing using Blockchain