世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/general/lancet_2.pdf

Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective.

The author describes the development of demography in Hungary from 1928 to the present with a focus on the contribution of Hungarian demographers to the activities of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP). This paper is part of an IUSSP project that deals with the history of the Union and involves the preparation of papers on such activities in several countries. (summary in ENG RUS) (ANNOTATION)

Contribution of Hungarian demographic science and Hungarian demographers to the work of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population

It is predicted that Japan and European Union will soon experience appreciable decreases in their populations due to persistently low total fertility rates (TFR) below replacement level (2.1 child ...

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/physrev.00017.2015

Male Reproductive Disorders and Fertility Trends: Influences of Environment and Genetic Susceptibility

https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/10675/1/Marston%20%26%20King%20Lancet%202006%20distribution%20version_1.pdf

Factors that shape young people's sexual behaviour: a systematic review

Background
Studies conducted around the world consistently show the existence of violence against women. Despite the increasing number of studies being conducted on violence against young married women elsewhere, this subject has received little attention from researchers and policy makers in Nepal. This paper assesses the prevalence of violence among young married women in rural Nepal. Specifically, it examines [factors related to] women's status in order to better understand the risk of violence.

/pdf/women-s-status-and-violence-against-young-married-women-in-3bau2iikoq.pdf

Women's status and violence against young married women in rural Nepal.

Background: Despite the grave consequences of sexual violence, and it’s persistence both within and outside marriages, this subject has received relatively little attention from researchers, policy makers, and programme managers in Nepal. This paper explores the definition of sexual violence and its various forms and consequences as reported by young married women in Nepal. In addition, it describes the coping mechanisms used by young married women to avoid sexual violence perpetrated against them by their husbands. Methods: This paper analyzes data collected during the qualitative study on “Sexual violence among young couples in Nepal”, conducted amongst two major ethnic groups - Brahmin/Chhetri and Tharu - between 2006 and 2007. The data is comprised of 39 free-lists and 15 in-depth case histories with married women aged 15-24 years. The average rank and Smith’s Salience were calculated from the free-listing data. The thematic analysis approach was used for the analysis of information from the case histories. Results: Approximately three-quarters (74%) of the young women mentioned ‘sex against one’s wishes’ as sexual violence within marriage (SVWM). Sixty-two percent of respondents described ‘forced sex during illness’ and ‘forced sex after consumption of alcohol’ as SVWM. About half of young women (48.7%) who participated in the freelisting exercise reported having experienced SVWM. The types of SVWM ranged from unwanted sexual touch to forced sex. Backache, headache, lower abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding and thoughts of suicide were the most commonly reported negative physical and psychological health consequences of SVWM. Women reported various coping strategies including ‘trying to convince husbands’, ‘sleeping in a separate room’, ‘visiting maternal home’, ‘waking up the children’, and ‘using pretexts such as being ill or menstruating’, to avoid SVWM. However, in most cases, women reported that these coping strategies were unsuccessful. Almost all women experiencing SVWM were socially isolated and did not turn to institutions, relatives or friends for advice and support. Conclusions: Sexual violence within marriage is common in Nepal. Findings provide circumstantial evidence of links between sexual violence and negative general and reproductive health outcomes for women. Various actions are required to prevent SVWM and provide immediate support to the victims.

/pdf/suffering-in-silence-consequences-of-sexual-violence-within-1dj5mnb53w.pdf

Suffering in silence: consequences of sexual violence within marriage among young women in Nepal.

Sexual behavior and perceived risk of HIV/AIDS among young migrant factory workers in Nepal

Sexual violence within marriage is a public health and human rights issue; yet it remains a much neglected research area, especially in Nepal. This paper represents one of the first attempts to quantify the extent of sexual violence and its determinants among young married women in Nepal. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,296 married women aged 15–24 years in four major ethnic groups in rural Nepal. The survey data were used to estimate the prevalence and identify determinants of sexual violence. The relative importance of different correlates of sexual violence in the past 12 months at the individual, household and community levels were examined by using a multi-level multivariate statistical approach. Of the young women surveyed 46% had experienced sexual violence at some point and 31% had experienced sexual violence in the past 12 months. Women’s autonomy was found to be particularly protective against sexual violence both at the individual and community level. Women’s educational level was not found to be protective, while the educational level of the husband was found to be highly protective. The high prevalence of sexual violence against young women by husbands found in this study is a matter for serious concern and underscores the need for a comprehensive response by policymakers.

/pdf/the-prevalence-and-determinants-of-sexual-violence-against-3n6xw79ptq.pdf

The prevalence and determinants of sexual violence against young married women by husbands in rural Nepal

CONTEXT: Although abortion has been legal under broad criteria in Nepal since 2002, a significant proportion of women continue to obtain illegal, unsafe abortions, and no national estimates exist of the incidence of safe and unsafe abortions. METHODS: Data were collected in 2014 from a nationally representative sample of 386 facilities that provide legal abortions or postabortion care and a survey of 134 health professionals knowledgeable about abortion service provision. Facility caseloads and indirect estimation techniques were used to calculate the national and regional incidence of legal and illegal abortion. National and regional levels of abortion complications and unintended pregnancy were also estimated. RESULTS: In 2014, women in Nepal had 323, 100 abortions, of which 137,000 were legal, and 63,200 women were treated for abortion complications. The abortion rate was 42 per 1,000 women aged 15-49, and the abortion ratio was 56 per 100 live births. The abortion rate in the Central region (59 per 1,000) was substantially higher than the national average. Overall, 50% of pregnancies were unintended, and the unintended pregnancy rate was 68 per 1,000 women of reproductive age. CONCLUSIONS: Despite legalization of abortion and expansion of services in Nepal, unsafe abortion is still common and exacts a heavy toll on women. Programs and policies to reduce rates of unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion, increase access to high-quality contraceptive care and expand safe abortion services are warranted. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2016, 42(4): 197-209. Prior to its amendment in 2002, the abortion law in Nepal was highly restrictive: Abortion was permitted only to save a woman's life. (1) Moreover, unsafe abortion was common, and deaths from abortion-related complications accounted for more than half of maternal deaths that occurred in major hospitals. (2) In 2002, the Country Code of Nepal (Muluki Ain) was amended to grant all women the right to terminate a pregnancy at up to 12 weeks' gestation on demand, at up to 18 weeks' gestation if the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest, and at any gestational age with a doctor's recommendation if the pregnancy poses a danger to the woman's life or her physical or mental health or if there is a risk of fetal abnormality or impairment. (1) In addition, the revised law prohibits sex-selective abortions and abortions done without the consent of the woman. During the past decade, the Ministry of Health has developed strategies for implementing the law and expanding access to safe and legal services. These strategies include training clinicians to perform abortions, providing them with necessary equipment, and certifying providers and health facilities (3) (both of which need government approval to provide abortion services). (4,5) All health facilities that have official approval to provide abortions are expected to perform first-trimester abortions. A few lower-level facilities, such as health posts, are approved only to provide medical abortion up to nine weeks' gestation. To provide abortions after the first trimester, facilities need separate approval and are required to have staff members trained and certified to provide such abortions. Abortion legalization has led to a decrease in the number of women presenting with severe abortion complications, (6,7) and it has contributed to a decline in the country's maternal mortality ratio, which fell from 580 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1995 to 190 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2013. (8) Nonetheless, unsafe abortions--that is, procedures carried out by an unapproved provider in an unapproved facility, potentially under unsafe conditions and using unsafe methods--remain a concern in Nepal. According to the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), a quarter of the women who reported having had an abortion in the past five years had had postabortion complications. …

Mahesh Puri

Papers

Women's status and violence against young married women in rural Nepal.

Suffering in silence: consequences of sexual violence within marriage among young women in Nepal.

Sexual behavior and perceived risk of HIV/AIDS among young migrant factory workers in Nepal

The prevalence and determinants of sexual violence against young married women by husbands in rural Nepal

Abortion Incidence and Unintended Pregnancy in Nepal.