Transcranial electric stimulation aims to stimulate the brain by applying weak electrical currents at the scalp. However, the magnitude and spatial distribution of electric fields in the human brain are unknown. We measured electric potentials intracranially in ten epilepsy patients and estimated electric fields across the entire brain by leveraging calibrated current-flow models. When stimulating at 2 mA, cortical electric fields reach 0.4 V/m, the lower limit of effectiveness in animal studies. When individual whole-head anatomy is considered, the predicted electric field magnitudes correlate with the recorded values in cortical (r = 0.89) and depth (r = 0.84) electrodes. Accurate models require adjustment of tissue conductivity values reported in the literature, but accuracy is not improved when incorporating white matter anisotropy or different skull compartments. This is the first study to validate and calibrate current-flow models with in vivo intracranial recordings in humans, providing a solid foundation to target stimulation and interpret clinical trials.

Measurements and models of electric fields in the in vivo human brain during transcranial electric stimulation

The physics of lightning

At the core of the “proton radius puzzle” is a four–standard deviation discrepancy between the proton root-mean-square charge radii ( r p ) determined from the regular hydrogen (H) and the muonic hydrogen (µp) atoms. Using a cryogenic beam of H atoms, we measured the 2S-4P transition frequency in H, yielding the values of the Rydberg constant R ∞ = 10973731.568076(96) per meter and r p = 0.8335(95) femtometer. Our r p value is 3.3 combined standard deviations smaller than the previous H world data, but in good agreement with the µp value. We motivate an asymmetric fit function, which eliminates line shifts from quantum interference of neighboring atomic resonances.

/pdf/the-rydberg-constant-and-proton-size-from-atomic-hydrogen-3t18o73wyf.pdf

The Rydberg constant and proton size from atomic hydrogen

This book is a manual for writers of term papers, thesis and dissertations is designed as a guide to suitable style in the typewritten presentation of formal papers both in scientific and nonscientific fields

A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and dissertations

https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1638&context=cc_pubs

The New York Head-A precise standardized volume conductor model for EEG source localization and tES targeting.

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Introduction To Electrodynamics