Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The wireless channel in an industrial environment behaves much differently when compared with wave propagation in home and office environments. This is due to the presence of significant noise and interference caused by large machinery and heavy multipath propagation effects induced by highly reflective structures. In this article, a comprehensive review of radio wave propagation in an industrial environment is presented. The reported channel models and measurement results, at different frequencies and link configurations, of path loss, noise, interference, multipath propagation, and time-varying channel conditions are discussed, and the factors that influence them are highlighted. In addition, open research issues on the propagation of radio waves in an industrial environment are identified.

Propagation Channel Characteristics of Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks [Wireless Corner]

Sensor networks can be used for event alarming applications. To date, in most of the proposed schemes, the raw or aggregated sensed data is periodically sent to a data consuming center. However, with this scheme, the occurrence of an emergency event such as a fire is hardly reported in a timely manner which is a strict requirement for event alarming applications. In sensor networks, it is also highly desired to conserve energy so that the network lifetime can be maximized. Furthermore, to ensure the quality of surveillance, some applications require that if an event occurs, it needs to be detected by at least k sensors where k is a user-defined parameter. In this work, we examine the timely energy-efficient k-watching event detection problem (TEKWEO). A topology-and-routing-supported algorithm is proposed which constructs a set of detection sets that satisfy the short notification time, energy conservation, and tunable quality of surveillance requirements for event alarming applications. Simulation results are shown to validate the proposed algorithm.

Composite Event Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

Enhanced-Ant-AODV for optimal route selection in mobile ad-hoc network

Ubiquitous smart devices with embedded sensors are paving the way for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that enable users to communicate directly, thereby playing a key role in Smart City and Internet of Things applications. In such smart environments, people with smart devices (nodes) can freely self-organize and form self-configuring MANETs to send and forward data packets to a destination over multiple hops via intermediate nodes. However, the energy consumption during routing remains a challenge in such ensemble mobile environments due to the limited battery capacity of mobile devices. This challenging issue has received substantial research attention, necessitating an exhaustive literature search over the variety of academic fields addressing this topic. The main motivation of this paper is to review various power-efficient routing schemes in MANETs that have recently been proposed to reduce the energy consumed when transmitting and receiving packets during active communication. Accordingly, these protocols are classified into six categories: (1) link state-based, (2) source-initiated-based, (3) transmission power control-based, (4) load-balancing-based, (5) location-based and (6) multicast-based routing approaches. The review covers various state-of-the-art protocols for each category and highlights their operation concepts, design challenges and key features. In addition, the various protocols are compared with emphasis on the merits and drawbacks as well as the considered metrics of each scheme. Finally, we provide a conclusion and suggest potential directions for future research in the field.

Power-efficient routing schemes for MANETs: a survey and open issues

Development of the efficient power aware protocol is the need of today s adhoc networks. Although developing battery efficient systems that have low cost and complexity, remains a crucial issue. In order to facilitate communication within a mobile adhoc network, an efficient routing protocol is required to discover routes between mobile nodes. Power is one of the most important design criteria for adhoc networks as batteries provide limited working capacity to the mobile nodes. Power failure of a mobile node not only affects the node itself but also its ability to forward packets on behalf of others and hence affects the overall network lifetime. Much research efforts have been devoted to develop energy aware routing protocols. In this paper we propose an efficient algorithm, which maximizes the network lifetime by minimizing the power consumption during the source to destination route establishment. As a case study proposed algorithm has been incorporated along with the route discovery procedure of AODV and by simulation it is observed that proposed algorithm s perperformance is better as compare to AODV and DSR in terms of various energy related parameters like Total Energy Consumption, Average Energy Left Per Alive Node, Node Termination Rate, and Network Lifetime for different network scenario

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Power Aware Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) plays a significant role in the field of surveillance, monitoring the real time applications. Regardless its strong ability to handle such tasks, it is difficult to maintain a trade-off between the conflicting goals of network lifetime, transmission delay, high coverage and packet loss. Various solutions have been proposed by the researchers to address these issues comprising the solution in real-time network scenarios. This paper delivers a brief analysis of the solutions addressing recent research problems in WSN comprising conflicting goals, i.e. multi-objective optimization (MOO) technique. Firstly, an illustration of key optimization objective in WSNs is given which constitutes existing issues such as power control, rate control ant routing. Then, an elaboration of various objective functions used in MOO with its merits and demerits is also provided. Later, existing approaches for improving optimizing metric, applications performance of existing approaches and proposed architecture have been discussed.

Multi-Objective Optimization in WSN: Opportunities and Challenges

In order to facilitate communication within a mobile ad hoc network, an efficient routing protocol is required to discover routes between mobile nodes. Power is one of the most important design criteria for adhoc networks as batteries provide limited working capacity to the mobile nodes. Power failure of a mobile node not only affects the node itself but also its ability to forward packets on behalf of others and hence affects the overall network lifetime. Much research efforts have been devoted to develop energy aware routing protocols. In this paper we propose an efficient algorithm, which maximizes the network lifetime by minimizing the power consumption during the source to destination route establishment. As a case study proposed algorithm has been incorporated along with the route discovery procedure of AODV and by simulation it is observed that proposed algorithmpsilas performance is better as compare to AODV in terms of packet delivery ratio and network lifetime for different network scenarios.

Power Aware Routing to Support Real Time Traffic in Mobile Adhoc Networks

A lot of routing protocols have been developed for Wireless sensor networks. Most of them considered the homogeneous network scenario where each node have same capability in terms of processing power, storage, energy etc. In the real scenario, nodes have different values of processing time, storage and energy. Therefore, it is essential to judge the performance of the well accepted routing protocols for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (H-WSN). Nodes in WSN are dispersed in two ways viz advanced nodes (high energy) and normal nodes. A sensor network works until the nodes do not drain their batteries. Further, it is very difficult to replenish the batteries of the nodes, once they are being deployed to some hostile environment. In this paper, three well accepted WSN routing protocols namely LEACH, FAIR and SEP have been benchmarked for their energy pattern in heterogeneous scenario. Heterogeneity is introduced in terms of initial random energy values given to the sensor nodes. All simulations are done in MATLAB. Different parameters are used for checking the efficacy of the considered routing protocol for H-WSN. Simulation results shows that there is no clear winner for all situations but most of the time FAIR protocol provide better results than LEACH and SEP for considered parameters such as dead nodes decreases per round and packet transfer rate to base station and cluster heads increases.

Energy trends of routing protocols for H-WSN

This paper presents the meta-heuristic method of ant colony optimization (ACO) to find optimal paths on terrain map images. The procedure simulates decision-making process of ant colonies as they forage for food. Modifications have been made to the ACO algorithm to solve the optimal path finding problem by optimizing multiple constraints. The number of constraints considered here is two. However, it can effectively be used for more than two constraints.

/pdf/finding-optimal-paths-on-terrain-maps-using-ant-colony-2jizlybqsu.pdf

Mano Yadav

Papers

Power Aware Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Multi-Objective Optimization in WSN: Opportunities and Challenges

Power Aware Routing to Support Real Time Traffic in Mobile Adhoc Networks

Energy trends of routing protocols for H-WSN

Finding Optimal Paths on Terrain Maps using Ant Colony Algorithm