Computer and Robot Vision Vol. 1, by R.M. Haralick and Linda G. Shapiro, Addison-Wesley, 1992, ISBN 0-201-10887-1.

Computer and Robot Vision

Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In India, road transportation dominates all other means of transportation mechanisms. Well maintained roadways make the travel smooth and comfortable for the passengers. Most of the time road irregularities, such as potholes and humps create disturbances to cozy travel and cause major damages to vehicles. Detecting road potholes and road roughness levels is a key to road condition monitoring, which impacts on transport safety and driving comfort. This paper proposes a method that aims to monitor road surfaces, detect road potholes and humps, and predict their severity by analyzing the vertical vibration signals produced by the vehicle while it moves. The proposed system uses the smartphone accelerometer to capture the vehicle vibrations in which $z$ -axis reading corresponds to the vehicle vertical vibrations. Gaussian model-based mining algorithm is proposed for the abnormal event detection, $x$ - $z$ ratio filtering is applied for event classification as pothole or hump. Severity estimation algorithm is proposed, which makes use of the relation between vertical acceleration and relative vertical displacement of the vehicle.

Vehicle Vibration Signal Processing for Road Surface Monitoring

Modern industry 4.0 applications are shifting towards decentralized automation of computing and cyber-physical systems (CPS), which necessitates building a robust, secure, and efficient system that performs complex interactions with other physical processes. To handle complex interactions in CPS, trust and consensus among various stakeholders is a prime concern. In a similar direction, consensus algorithms in blockchain have evolved over the years that focus on building smart, robust, and secure CPS. Thus, it is imperative to understand the key components, functional characteristics, and architecture of different consensus algorithms used in CPS. Many consensus algorithms exist in the literature with a specified set of functionalities, performance, and computing services. Motivated from these facts, in this survey, we present a comprehensive analysis of existing state-of-the-art consensus mechanisms and highlight their strength and weaknesses in decentralized CPS applications. In the first part, we present the scope of the proposed survey and identify gaps in the existing surveys. Secondly, we present the review method and objectives of the proposed survey based on research questions that address the gaps in existing studies. Then, we present a solution taxonomy of decentralized consensus mechanisms for various CPS applications. Then, open issues and challenges are also discussed in deploying various consensus mechanisms in the CPS with their merits and demerits. The proposed survey will act as a road-map for blockchain developers and researchers to evaluate and design future consensus mechanisms, which helps to build an efficient CPS for industry 4.0 stakeholders.

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A Survey on Decentralized Consensus Mechanisms for Cyber Physical Systems

The wireless channel in an industrial environment behaves much differently when compared with wave propagation in home and office environments. This is due to the presence of significant noise and interference caused by large machinery and heavy multipath propagation effects induced by highly reflective structures. In this article, a comprehensive review of radio wave propagation in an industrial environment is presented. The reported channel models and measurement results, at different frequencies and link configurations, of path loss, noise, interference, multipath propagation, and time-varying channel conditions are discussed, and the factors that influence them are highlighted. In addition, open research issues on the propagation of radio waves in an industrial environment are identified.

Propagation Channel Characteristics of Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks [Wireless Corner]

Development of the efficient power aware protocol is the need of today s adhoc networks. Although developing battery efficient systems that have low cost and complexity, remains a crucial issue. In order to facilitate communication within a mobile adhoc network, an efficient routing protocol is required to discover routes between mobile nodes. Power is one of the most important design criteria for adhoc networks as batteries provide limited working capacity to the mobile nodes. Power failure of a mobile node not only affects the node itself but also its ability to forward packets on behalf of others and hence affects the overall network lifetime. Much research efforts have been devoted to develop energy aware routing protocols. In this paper we propose an efficient algorithm, which maximizes the network lifetime by minimizing the power consumption during the source to destination route establishment. As a case study proposed algorithm has been incorporated along with the route discovery procedure of AODV and by simulation it is observed that proposed algorithm s perperformance is better as compare to AODV and DSR in terms of various energy related parameters like Total Energy Consumption, Average Energy Left Per Alive Node, Node Termination Rate, and Network Lifetime for different network scenario

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Power Aware Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

—In this paper, QoS based power aware routing protocol (Q-PAR) is proposed and evaluated that selects an energy stable QoS constrained end to end path. The selected route is energy stable and satisfies the bandwidth constraint of the application. The protocol Q-PAR is divided in to two phases. In the first route discovery phase, the bandwidth and energy constraints are built in into the DSR route discovery mechanism. In the event of an impending link failure, the second phase, a repair mechanism is invoked to search for an energy stable alternate path locally. Simulation was performed to determine the network lifetime, throughput and end to end delay experienced by packets and for other parameters. The results indicate that Q-PAR is able to discover the required path with lesser overheads, the network lifetime increased by around 24-29 % for small networks (20-50 nodes), the packet delivery ratio improved and the packet experienced a low average delay. Moreover the local repair mechanism was able to find an alternate path in most of the cases enhanced the network lifetime and delayed the repair and reconstruction of the route.

QoS Based Power Aware Routing in MANETs

Mobile ad hoc networking is a challenging task due to the lack of resources in the network as well as the frequent changes in network topology. Although lots of research has been done on supporting QoS in the Internet and other networks, but they are not suitable for mobile Ad hoc networks and still QoS support for such networks remains an open problem. In this paper, a new scheme has been proposed for achieving QoS in terms of packet delivery, multiple connections, better power management and stable routes. It offers quick adaptation to distributed processing, dynamic linking, low processing overhead and loop freedom at all times. The proposed scheme has been incorporated using AODV protocol and by extensive simulation the performance has been studied, and it is clearly shown that the proposed scheme performs very well for different network scenarios.

Stable and Energy Efficient Routing for Mobile Adhoc Networks

Off-grid hybrid energy systems are attractive options for supplying electricity to rural areas in all aspects like, reliability, sustainability and environmental protection. It is especially best option for communities living far in the interior areas, where grid extension is not appropriate. Ethiopia is also facing the same problem. Many villages are very far from the grid. Therefore, off grid hybrid systems will supply those villages. This work presents the photovoltaic, wind turbine, battery bank and diesel generator based off grid system, which is sized and simulated for the rural community of Addis Border village in the Southern Regional State of Ethiopia. Primary load demand of 142kWh/day, peak load of 26kW, deferrable energy requirement of about 27kWh/day, and deferrable peak load of 3.6kW are involved during modeling of the proposed stand alone power system.

Hybrid Energy System for Upgrading the Rural Environment

Recent studies have shown that road surface monitoring is essential for the municipal corporations as well as for travelers for choosing the best road possible. Such schemes provide the comfort and security to the vehicle travelers. This paper presents a vibration based approach for automatic detection of potholes and speed breakers along with their co-ordinates. In this approach, a database is maintained for each road, which is made available to the public with the help of global database or through a portal. Potholes and speed breakers are detected along with their severity using android's built-in accelerometer. The results of the proposed approach are tested over a 4 km flat road and compared to manual inspection of pothole and speed breakers on the same considered road. The accuracy of the proposed approach came out to be 93.75% for detection of potholes and speed breakers. This approach is cost efficient and very effective for road surface monitoring.

Vinay Rishiwal

Papers

Power Aware Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

QoS Based Power Aware Routing in MANETs

Stable and Energy Efficient Routing for Mobile Adhoc Networks

Hybrid Energy System for Upgrading the Rural Environment

Automatic pothole and speed breaker detection using android system