Showing papers by "Mar Lorente published in 2011"

A Combined Preclinical Therapy of Cannabinoids and Temozolomide against Glioma

Abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is highly resistant to current anticancer treatments, which makes it crucial to find new therapeutic strategies aimed at improving the poor prognosis of patients suffering from this disease. Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major active ingredient of marijuana, and other cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit tumor growth in animal models of cancer, including glioma, an effect that relies, at least in part, on the stimulation of autophagy-mediated apoptosis in tumor cells. Here, we show that the combined administration of THC and temozolomide (TMZ; the benchmark agent for the management of GBM) exerts a strong antitumoral action in glioma xenografts, an effect that is also observed in tumors that are resistant to TMZ treatment. Combined administration of THC and TMZ enhanced autophagy, whereas pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of this process prevented TMZ + THC-induced cell death, supporting that activation of autophagy plays a crucial role on the mechanism of action of this drug combination. Administration of submaximal doses of THC and cannabidiol (CBD; another plant-derived cannabinoid that also induces glioma cell death through a mechanism of action different from that of THC) remarkably reduces the growth of glioma xenografts. Moreover, treatment with TMZ and submaximal doses of THC and CBD produced a strong antitumoral action in both TMZ-sensitive and TMZ-resistant tumors. Altogether, our findings support that the combined administration of TMZ and cannabinoids could be therapeutically exploited for the management of GBM.

The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR55 promotes cancer cell proliferation via ERK.

Abstract: GPR55 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that may be engaged by some lipid ligands such as lysophosphatidylinositol and cannabinoid-type compounds. Very little is known about its expression pattern and physio-pathological relevance, and its pharmacology and signaling are still rather controversial. Here we analyzed the expression and function of GPR55 in cancer cells. Our data show that GPR55 expression in human tumors from different origins correlates with their aggressiveness. Moreover, GPR55 promotes cancer cell proliferation, both in cell cultures and in xenografted mice, through the overactivation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade. These findings reveal the importance of GPR55 in human cancer, and suggest that it could constitute a new biomarker and therapeutic target in oncology.

Stimulation of the midkine/ALK axis renders glioma cells resistant to cannabinoid antitumoral action

Abstract: Identifying the molecular mechanisms responsible for the resistance of gliomas to anticancer treatments is an issue of great therapeutic interest. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major active ingredient of marijuana, and other cannabinoids inhibit tumor growth in animal models of cancer, including glioma, an effect that relies, at least in part, on the stimulation of autophagy-mediated apoptosis in tumor cells. Here, by analyzing the gene expression profile of a large series of human glioma cells with different sensitivity to cannabinoid action, we have identified a subset of genes specifically associated to THC resistance. One of these genes, namely that encoding the growth factor midkine (Mdk), is directly involved in the resistance of glioma cells to cannabinoid treatment. We also show that Mdk mediates its protective effect via the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptor and that Mdk signaling through ALK interferes with cannabinoid-induced autophagic cell death. Furthermore, in vivo Mdk silencing or ALK pharmacological inhibition sensitizes cannabinod-resistant tumors to THC antitumoral action. Altogether, our findings identify Mdk as a pivotal factor involved in the resistance of glioma cells to THC pro-autophagic and antitumoral action, and suggest that selective targeting of the Mdk/ALK axis could help to improve the efficacy of antitumoral therapies for gliomas.

Stimulation of ALK by the growth factor midkine renders glioma cells resistant to autophagy-mediated cell death.

Abstract: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active component of marijuana, promotes cancer cell death via autophagy stimulation. We find that activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor ALK by its ligand midkine interferes with the signaling mechanism by which THC promotes autophagy-mediated glioma cell death.

Detecting autophagy in response to ER stress signals in cancer.

Abstract: Different physiological and pathological situations that produce alterations in the endoplasmic reticulum, lead to a condition known as ER stress. ER stress activates a complex intracellular signal transduction pathway, called unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR is tailored essentially to reestablish ER homeostasis. However, when persistent, ER stress can switch the cytoprotective functions of UPR into cell death promoting mechanisms. One of the cellular mechanisms that are regulated by ER stress is autophagy. Autophagy is a cellular process by which different cytoplasmic components including organelles are targeted for degradation to the autophagosomes. Interestingly, like ER stress, autophagy can be a protective or a cell death promoting mechanism. Recently, a variety of anticancer therapies (including those that stimulate ER stress) have been shown to activate autophagy in tumor cells, which has been proposed to either enhance cancer cell death or act as a mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy. In this chapter, we will describe some of the procedures that are currently used to analyze autophagy as well as some of the experimental approaches that can be undertaken to investigate the connection between ER stress and autophagy in cancer.

Copy Number Alterations in Glioma Cell Lines

Abstract: Established tumor-derived cell lines are widely and routinely used as in vitro cancer models for various kinds of biomedical research. The easy management of these cell cultures, in contrast to the inherent difficulty in establishing and mantaining primary tumoral cultures, has contributed to the wide use of these inmortalized cell lines in order to characterize the biological significance of specific genomic aberrations identified in primary tumors. Therefore, it has been assumed that the genomic and expression aberrations of long-term established cell lines resemble, and are representative, of the primary tumor from which the cell line was derived. Indeed, the cell line-based research has been performed, not only for the definition of the molecular biology of several cancer models, but also for the investigation of new targeted therapeutic agents in a prior step to clinical practice. The use of tumor-derived cell lines has been highly relevant for the testing and development of new therapeutical agents, with several cancer cell-line panels having been developed for drug sensitivity screening and new agents’ discovery (Sharma et al, 2010). Controversial concerning the ability of tumor-derived cell lines to accurately reflect the phenotype and genotype of the parental histology has been documented. A previous report of Greshock and coworkers using array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) data of seven diagnosis-specific matched tumors and cell lines showed that, on average, cell lines preserve in vitro the genetic aberrations that are unique to the parent histology from which they were derived, while acquiring additional locus-specific alterations in long-term cultures (Greshock et al, 2007). In contrast, a study on breast cancer cell lines and primary tumors highlight that cell lines do not always represent the genotypes of parental tumor tissues (Tsuji et al, 2010). Furthermore, a parallel genomic and expression study on glioma cell lines and primary tumors states that in this specific cancer type, cell lines are poor representative of the primary tumors (Li et al, 2008). Given the importance of the use of cell lines as models for the study of the biology and development of tumors, and for the testing of the mode of action of new therapeutical agents, the knowledge of which genomic alterations are tumor-specific or which are necessary for the maintenance of the cell line in culture, becomes essential.