http://sistemas.eel.usp.br/docentes/arquivos/2166002/1234Nb/Geetha-review2009.pdf

Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants – A review

Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in biomedical devices and components, especially as hard tissue replacements as well as in cardiac and cardiovascular applications, because of their desirable properties, such as relatively low modulus, good fatigue strength, formability, machinability, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, titanium and its alloys cannot meet all of the clinical requirements. Therefore, in order to improve the biological, chemical, and mechanical properties, surface modification is often performed. This article reviews the various surface modification technologies pertaining to titanium and titanium alloys including mechanical treatment, thermal spraying, sol–gel, chemical and electrochemical treatment, and ion implantation from the perspective of biomedical engineering. Recent work has shown that the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and biological properties of titanium and titanium alloys can be improved selectively using the appropriate surface treatment techniques while the desirable bulk attributes of the materials are retained. The proper surface treatment expands the use of titanium and titanium alloys in the biomedical fields. Some of the recent applications are also discussed in this paper.

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Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications

Human tissue is structured mainly of self-assembled polymers (proteins) and ceramics (bone minerals), with metals present as trace elements with molecular scale functions. However, metals and their alloys have played a predominant role as structural biomaterials in reconstructive surgery, especially orthopedics, with more recent uses in non-osseous tissues, such as blood vessels. With the successful routine use of a large variety of metal implants clinically, issues associated with long-term maintenance of implant integrity have also emerged. This review focuses on metallic implant biomaterials, identifying and discussing critical issues in their clinical applications, including the systemic toxicity of released metal ions due to corrosion, fatigue failure of structural components due to repeated loading, and wearing of joint replacements due to movement. This is followed by detailed reviews on specific metallic biomaterials made from stainless steels, alloys of cobalt, titanium and magnesium, as well as shape memory alloys of nickel–titanium, silver, tantalum and zirconium. For each, the properties that affect biocompatibility and mechanical integrity (especially corrosion fatigue) are discussed in detail. Finally, the most critical challenges for metallic implant biomaterials are summarized, with emphasis on the most promising approaches and strategies.

Metallic implant biomaterials

Plasma-surface modification (PSM) is an effective and economical surface treatment technique for many materials and of growing interests in biomedical engineering This article reviews the various common plasma techniques and experimental methods as applied to biomedical materials research, such as plasma sputtering and etching, plasma implantation, plasma deposition, plasma polymerization, laser plasma deposition, plasma spraying, and so on The unique advantage of plasma modification is that the surface properties and biocompatibility can be enhanced selectively while the bulk attributes of the materials remain unchanged Existing materials can, thus, be used and needs for new classes of materials may be obviated thereby shortening the time to develop novel and better biomedical devices Recent work has spurred a number of very interesting applications in the biomedical field This review article concentrates upon the current status of these techniques, new applications, and achievements pertaining to biomedical materials research Examples described include hard tissue replacements, blood contacting prostheses, ophthalmic devices, and other products

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Plasma-surface modification of biomaterials

Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: A review.

Titanium alloys in total joint replacement—a materials science perspective

Friction and surface behavior of selected titanium alloys during reciprocating-sliding motion

Subsurface deformation and microcrack formation in Ti-35Nb-8Zr-5Ta-O(x) during reciprocating sliding wear

Dynamic material modeling (DMM) analysis has been employed to examine the high strain, elevated temperature mechanical behaviour of Widmanstatten α 2 + β Ti-26Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo. Flow regimes predicted by this analysis were then correlated with microstructural observations. Unstable flow zones were associated with α 2 platelets kinking and shear band formation in the α 2 + β -phase field, with flow localization at grain boundaries and dynamic grain growth in the β-phase field. Stable flow was associated with dynamic spheroidization of the Widmanstatten α 2 platelets in the α 2 + β -phase field, and with dynamic recrystallization in the β-phase field.

Marc Long

Papers

Titanium alloys in total joint replacement—a materials science perspective

Friction and surface behavior of selected titanium alloys during reciprocating-sliding motion

Subsurface deformation and microcrack formation in Ti-35Nb-8Zr-5Ta-O(x) during reciprocating sliding wear

Thermo-mechanical stability of forged Ti-26Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo (at.%)

Ultrasonic in situ continuous wear measurements of orthopaedic titanium alloys