How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.

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From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development

Prior to the twentieth century, theories of knowledge were inherently perceptual. Since then, developments in logic, statis- tics, and programming languages have inspired amodal theories that rest on principles fundamentally different from those underlying perception. In addition, perceptual approaches have become widely viewed as untenable because they are assumed to implement record- ing systems, not conceptual systems. A perceptual theory of knowledge is developed here in the context of current cognitive science and neuroscience. During perceptual experience, association areas in the brain capture bottom-up patterns of activation in sensory-motor areas. Later, in a top-down manner, association areas partially reactivate sensory-motor areas to implement perceptual symbols. The stor- age and reactivation of perceptual symbols operates at the level of perceptual components - not at the level of holistic perceptual expe- riences. Through the use of selective attention, schematic representations of perceptual components are extracted from experience and stored in memory (e.g., individual memories of green, purr, hot). As memories of the same component become organized around a com- mon frame, they implement a simulator that produces limitless simulations of the component (e.g., simulations of purr). Not only do such simulators develop for aspects of sensory experience, they also develop for aspects of proprioception (e.g., lift, run) and introspec- tion (e.g., compare, memory, happy, hungry). Once established, these simulators implement a basic conceptual system that represents types, supports categorization, and produces categorical inferences. These simulators further support productivity, propositions, and ab- stract concepts, thereby implementing a fully functional conceptual system. Productivity results from integrating simulators combinato- rially and recursively to produce complex simulations. Propositions result from binding simulators to perceived individuals to represent type-token relations. Abstract concepts are grounded in complex simulations of combined physical and introspective events. Thus, a per- ceptual theory of knowledge can implement a fully functional conceptual system while avoiding problems associated with amodal sym- bol systems. Implications for cognition, neuroscience, evolution, development, and artificial intelligence are explored.

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Perceptual symbol systems.

This article reviews research on the use of situation models in language comprehension and memory retrieval over the past 15 years. Situation models are integrated mental representations of a described state of affairs. Significant progress has been made in the scientific understanding of how situation models are involved in language comprehension and memory retrieval. Much of this research focuses on establishing the existence of situation models, often by using tasks that assess one dimension of a situation model. However, the authors argue that the time has now come for researchers to begin to take the multidimensionality of situation models seriously. The authors offer a theoretical framework and some methodological observations that may help researchers to tackle this issue.

/pdf/situation-models-in-language-comprehension-and-memory-1geul7x1or.pdf

Situation Models in Language Comprehension and Memory

Many students are being left behind by an educational system that some people believe is in crisis. Improving educational outcomes will require efforts on many fronts, but a central premise of this monograph is that one part of a solution involves helping students to better regulate their learning through the use of effective learning techniques. Fortunately, cognitive and educational psychologists have been developing and evaluating easy-to-use learning techniques that could help students achieve their learning goals. In this monograph, we discuss 10 learning techniques in detail and offer recommendations about their relative utility. We selected techniques that were expected to be relatively easy to use and hence could be adopted by many students. Also, some techniques (e.g., highlighting and rereading) were selected because students report relying heavily on them, which makes it especially important to examine how well they work. The techniques include elaborative interrogation, self-explanation, summarization, highlighting (or underlining), the keyword mnemonic, imagery use for text learning, rereading, practice testing, distributed practice, and interleaved practice. To offer recommendations about the relative utility of these techniques, we evaluated whether their benefits generalize across four categories of variables: learning conditions, student characteristics, materials, and criterion tasks. Learning conditions include aspects of the learning environment in which the technique is implemented, such as whether a student studies alone or with a group. Student characteristics include variables such as age, ability, and level of prior knowledge. Materials vary from simple concepts to mathematical problems to complicated science texts. Criterion tasks include different outcome measures that are relevant to student achievement, such as those tapping memory, problem solving, and comprehension. We attempted to provide thorough reviews for each technique, so this monograph is rather lengthy. However, we also wrote the monograph in a modular fashion, so it is easy to use. In particular, each review is divided into the following sections: General description of the technique and why it should work How general are the effects of this technique? 2a. Learning conditions 2b. Student characteristics 2c. Materials 2d. Criterion tasks Effects in representative educational contexts Issues for implementation Overall assessment The review for each technique can be read independently of the others, and particular variables of interest can be easily compared across techniques. To foreshadow our final recommendations, the techniques vary widely with respect to their generalizability and promise for improving student learning. Practice testing and distributed practice received high utility assessments because they benefit learners of different ages and abilities and have been shown to boost students' performance across many criterion tasks and even in educational contexts. Elaborative interrogation, self-explanation, and interleaved practice received moderate utility assessments. The benefits of these techniques do generalize across some variables, yet despite their promise, they fell short of a high utility assessment because the evidence for their efficacy is limited. For instance, elaborative interrogation and self-explanation have not been adequately evaluated in educational contexts, and the benefits of interleaving have just begun to be systematically explored, so the ultimate effectiveness of these techniques is currently unknown. Nevertheless, the techniques that received moderate-utility ratings show enough promise for us to recommend their use in appropriate situations, which we describe in detail within the review of each technique. Five techniques received a low utility assessment: summarization, highlighting, the keyword mnemonic, imagery use for text learning, and rereading. These techniques were rated as low utility for numerous reasons. Summarization and imagery use for text learning have been shown to help some students on some criterion tasks, yet the conditions under which these techniques produce benefits are limited, and much research is still needed to fully explore their overall effectiveness. The keyword mnemonic is difficult to implement in some contexts, and it appears to benefit students for a limited number of materials and for short retention intervals. Most students report rereading and highlighting, yet these techniques do not consistently boost students' performance, so other techniques should be used in their place (e.g., practice testing instead of rereading). Our hope is that this monograph will foster improvements in student learning, not only by showcasing which learning techniques are likely to have the most generalizable effects but also by encouraging researchers to continue investigating the most promising techniques. Accordingly, in our closing remarks, we discuss some issues for how these techniques could be implemented by teachers and students, and we highlight directions for future research.

https://www.wku.edu/senate/documents/improving_student_learning_dunlosky_2013.pdf

Improving Students’ Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions From Cognitive and Educational Psychology

Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status.

Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education

1. The Development of Deaf Children: Issues and Orientations 2. The Nature and Scope of Deafness 3. The Early Years: The Social-Emotional Context of Development 4. Social and Personality Development During the School Years 5. Foundations of Language Development in Deaf Children 6. Language Acquisition 7. Intelligence and Cognitive Development 8. Short-Term Memory: The Development of Memory Coding 9. Long-Term Memory: Codes, Organization, and Strategies 10. Creativity and Flexibility: The Myth(?) of Concreteness 11. Learning to Read and Write 12. The Development of Deaf Children: Toward an Integrated View

Psychological Development of Deaf Children

PART I: EDUCATIONAL BASICS 1. Educating Deaf Students: An Introduction 2. Lessons from History 3. Characteristics of Deaf Learners 4. Education Begins at Home PART II: EDUCATIONAL PROCESSES AND PROGRAMS 5. Language Development and Deaf Children 6. Cognitive Development and Deaf Children 7. Educational Programs and Philosophies 8. Reading, Writing, and Literacy 9. Teaching and Curriculum PART III: CONCLUSION 10. Looking Ahead While Glancing Back Notes References Author Index Subject Index

Educating Deaf Students: From Research to Practice

Contents: Preface. W.C. Stokoe, A Very Long Perspective. K. Emmorey, The Impact of Sign Language Use on Visuospatial Cognition. M. Marschark, T.S. Mayer, Mental Representation and Memory in Deaf Adults and Children. C. Courtin, A-M. Merlot, Development of Theories of Mind in Deaf Children. J. Leybaert, Effects of Phonetically Augmented Lipspeech on the Development of Phonological Representations in Deaf Children. P.E. Spencer, J.C. Hafer, Play as "Window" and "Room": Assessing and Supporting the Cognitive and Linguistic Development of Deaf Infants and Young Children. S. Gregory, Deaf Young People: Aspects of Family and Social Life. R.Q. Pollard, Jr.Psychopathology. V.J. Samar, I. Parasnis, G.P. Berent, Learning Disabilities, Attention Deficit Disorders, and Deafness. J.M. Bebko, E.E. McKinnon, Assessing Pragmatic Language Skills in Deaf Children: The Language Proficiency Profile. C.T. Akamatsu, C. Musselman, Development and Use of a Conversational Proficiency Interview With Deaf Adolescents. M.D. Clark, A Hitchhiker's Guide to Holes and Dark Spots: Some Missing Perspectives in the Psychology of Deafness.

Psychological perspectives on deafness

Preface Acknowledgements Foreword 1. A Deaf Child in the Family 2. Practical Aspects of Deafness 3. Communicating with Deaf Children 4. Early Interactions: The Roots of Childhood 5. Language Development 6. Going to School 7. Learning to Read and Write 8. Intelligence, Achievement, and Creativity 9. Deaf Children to Deaf Adults 10. Where Do We Go from Here? Appendices

Marc Marschark

Papers

Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education

Psychological Development of Deaf Children

Educating Deaf Students: From Research to Practice

Psychological perspectives on deafness

Raising and Educating a Deaf Child