Responding to the latest developments in rock physics research, this popular reference book has been thoroughly updated while retaining its comprehensive coverage of the fundamental theory, concepts, and laboratory results. It brings together the vast literature from the field to address the relationships between geophysical observations and the underlying physical properties of Earth materials - including water, hydrocarbons, gases, minerals, rocks, ice, magma and methane hydrates. This third edition includes expanded coverage of topics such as effective medium models, viscoelasticity, attenuation, anisotropy, electrical-elastic cross relations, and highlights applications in unconventional reservoirs. Appendices have been enhanced with new materials and properties, while worked examples (supplemented by online datasets and MATLAB® codes) enable readers to implement the workflows and models in practice. This significantly revised edition will continue to be the go-to reference for students and researchers interested in rock physics, near-surface geophysics, seismology, and professionals in the oil and gas industries.

The Rock Physics Handbook

In a preceding project, functional forms for “short” Helmholtz energy equations of state for typical nonpolar and weakly polar fluids and for typical polar fluids were developed using simultaneous optimization. In this work, the coefficients of these short forms for the equations of state have been fitted for the fluids acetone, carbon monoxide, carbonyl sulfide, decane, hydrogen sulfide, 2-methylbutane (isopentane), 2,2-dimethylpropane (neopentane), 2-methylpentane (isohexane), krypton, nitrous oxide, nonane, sulfur dioxide, toluene, xenon, hexafluoroethane (R-116), 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (R-141b), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R-142b), octafluoropropane (R-218), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (R-245fa), and fluoromethane (R-41). The 12 coefficients of the equations of state were fitted to substance specific data sets. The results show that simultaneously optimized functional forms can be applied to other fluids out of the same class of fluids for which they were optimized without significant loss of a...

Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids

On the quantitative interpretation of biomembrane structure by Raman spectroscopy.

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX)--a member of the sulfonamide antibacterial class--has been frequently detected in municipal wastewater and surface water bodies in recent years. Kinetics, mechanisms, and products of SMX in reactions with free chlorine (HOCl/OCl-) were studied in detail to evaluate the effect of chlorination processes on the fate of sulfonamides in municipal wastewaters and affected drinking waters. Direct reactions of free available chlorine (FAC) with SMX were quite rapid. A half-life of 23 s was measured under pseudo-first-order conditions ([FAC]0 = 20 microM (1.4 mg/L) and [SMX]0 = 2 microM) at pH 7 and 25 degrees C in buffered reagent water. In contrast, a half-life of 38 h was determined for reactions with combined chlorine (NH2Cl, NHCl2) under similar conditions. Free chlorine reaction rates were first-order in both substrate and oxidant, with specific second-order rate constants of 1.1 x 10(3) and 2.4 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) for SMX neutral and anionic species, respectively. Investigations with substructure model compounds and identification of reaction products verified that chlorine directly attacks the SMX aniline-nitrogen, resulting in (i) halogenation of the SMX aniline moiety to yield a ring-chlorinated product at sub-stoichiometric FAC concentrations (i.e., [FAC]0:[SMX]0 < or = 1) or (ii) rupture of the SMX sulfonamide moiety in the presence of stoichiometric excess of FAC to yield 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole, SO4(2-) (via SO2), and N-chloro-p-benzoquinoneimine. Reaction ii represents an unexpected aromatic amine chlorination mechanism that has not previously been evaluated in great detail. Experiments conducted in wastewater and drinking water matrixes appeared to validate measured reaction kinetics for SMX, indicating that SMX and likely other sulfonamide antibacterials should generally undergo substantial transformation during disinfection of such waters with free chlorine residuals.

Transformation of the antibacterial agent sulfamethoxazole in reactions with chlorine: kinetics, mechanisms, and pathways.

The microwave spectra of formamide, and the isotopic species 1, 2 N di‐deutero formamide, 1 N mono‐deutero formamide (cis) and (trans), have been investigated. The rotational constants obtained from the frequencies of assigned rotational transitions lead to the following effective structural parameters: for the bond distances, there results C–O = 1.243±0.007 A, C–N = 1.343±0.007 A, N–H = 0.995±0.007 A, and for the bond angles ∠HNH = 118.98±0.50°, ∠ NCO = 123.58±0.35°, ∠NCH = 103.9±1.2°. The molecule is planar. Stark effect measurements yield values for the dipole moment components which, when combined with assumed approximate bond moments and the structural parameters, give the magnitude and the direction of the dipole moment. The dipole moment is thus equal to 3.714±0.06 Debyes and makes an angle of 39.6° with the C–N bond. The quadrupole coupling constants, Xa = 1.9 mc, Xb = 1.7 mc, Xc = ‐3.6 mc, were calculated from the frequency shifts of the hyperfine splittings observed for several rotational transi...

Microwave Spectrum, Structure, Dipole Moment, and Quadrupole Coupling Constants of Formamide

A Study of the Association of Some Organic Acids by Infrared Absorption Measurements1

The Dipole Moments of Some Acid Amides and the Structure of the Amide Group1

The association and polar character of various carboxylic acids have been studied in the solvents benzene and heptane by means of measurements of the electric polarization in very dilute solutions. The data have been analyzed by assuming an equilibrium between dimers and monomers of the acid molecules. A rather large anomalous contribution to the polarization of the dimer has been found. Possible origins of this polarization have been briefly considered.

Electric Polarization of Carboxylic Acids in Dilute Solutions of Nonpolar Solvents I. The Relation of Electric Polarization to the Association of Carboxylic Acids in Hydrocarbon Solvents

Chromatography of 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazones of Some Aldehydes and Ketones in Tobacco Smoke

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/56/1/31.full.pdf

Marcus E. Hobbs

Papers

A Study of the Association of Some Organic Acids by Infrared Absorption Measurements1

The Dipole Moments of Some Acid Amides and the Structure of the Amide Group1

Electric Polarization of Carboxylic Acids in Dilute Solutions of Nonpolar Solvents I. The Relation of Electric Polarization to the Association of Carboxylic Acids in Hydrocarbon Solvents

Chromatography of 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazones of Some Aldehydes and Ketones in Tobacco Smoke

The dielectric constant of liquid water and various forms of ice according to significant structure theory.