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A Secure Base Clinical Applications Of Attachment Theory

Child Abuse and Neglect: Attachment, Development and Intervention

Working together to safeguard children

The violence risk appraisal guide (VRAG) was developed in the early 1990s, and approximately 60 replications around the world have shown its utility for the appraisal of violence risk among correctional and psychiatric populations. At the same time, authorities (e.g., Dawes, Faust, & Meehl, 1989) have argued that tools should be periodically evaluated to see if they need to be revised. In the present study, we evaluated the accuracy of the VRAG in a sample of 1,261 offenders, fewer than half of whom were participants in the development sample, then developed and validated a revised and easier-to-score instrument (the VRAG-R). We examined the accuracy of both instruments over fixed durations of opportunity ranging from 6 months to 49 years and examined outcome measures pertaining to the overall number, severity, and imminence of violent recidivism. Both instruments were found to predict dichotomous violent recidivism overall and at various fixed follow-ups with high levels of predictive accuracy (receiver operating characteristic areas of approximately .75) and to significantly predict other violent outcomes.

Validation of and revision to the VRAG and SORAG: The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide-Revised (VRAG-R)

Progressive Justice in an Age of Repression : Strategies for Challenging the Rise of the Right

Attachment theory has routinely been considered essential for those working with children. However, contemporary literature and research on attachment offers some compelling insights for work with offenders, particularly in the way that empathy is developed and mood is regulated.

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Using attachment theory with offenders

The aim of this research was to examine the thought processes that practitioners follow when they are conducting risk assessments. Weighing up the probability that an individual will inflict harm requires the practitioner to apply clinical and actuarial approaches, and integrate static and dynamic information. This is a complex and inexact task, and one that has been found lacking in reviews of serious further offences. This research focused on a small, atypical subgroup of risk assessments; those where the actuarial information is at odds with the clinical judgment. The results indicated that practitioners are more likely to override actuarial information that indicates a low risk of harm rather than a high one, confirming the existence of the ‘precautionary principle’. The research also produced some important messages for practice, particularly a reluctance to reduce sexual offenders' risk of harm even when evidence of all types was compelling, and conversely, a willingness to reduce non‐sexual offenders' risk on the basis of only flimsy dynamic evidence, and counter to actuarial pointers. The research concludes that a more sophisticated understanding of the evidence around dynamic factors would enhance assessments.

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The Nuts and Bolts of Risk Assessment: When the Clinical and Actuarial Conflict

This research examined 31 Probation Service cases in England and Wales that required some child protection work. It examined three areas: key characteristics of the case, inter-agency communication and evidence for a ‘think family’ approach. Key findings were that domestic violence and substance misuse were widespread. The majority of the cases were assessed as low or medium risk of harm, and so after the ‘Transforming Rehabilitation’ restructuring will be supervised by a Community Rehabilitation Company, rather than the National Probation Service. The majority of cases featured effective inter-agency communication, and were characterized by the ‘think family’ principle. Where this was not achieved, two types of cases stood out. The first was where the probation officer was distracted from offenders' children because of public protection issues. The second was where probation officers made efforts to be included in multi-agency work, but were shut out.

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Looking under the bonnet: probation officers' practice with child protection cases.

Attachment theory is familiar to probation workers, with its broad messages that early care can leave a lasting legacy, and that patterns of relating can be repeated throughout the lifespan. Up clo...

/pdf/a-qualitative-examination-of-attachment-based-concepts-in-1mo982g2hn.pdf

A qualitative examination of attachment-based concepts in probation supervision:

This is an examination of 90 Serious Incident Reports (SIRs) which were generated in the London Probation Area between January 2002 and July 2003. The results showed that offenders assessed as high risk generated a disproportionately high number of SIRs, but equally serious incidents occurred across all risk bands. Interpretation of this is not straightforward; despite confirming considerable accuracy by Probation staff in identifying those most likely to inflict harm, it also demonstrates the limitations of risk prediction, and the need for considerable skill and knowledge among staff who work with offenders of all risk bands. Among other findings it emerged that nearly a third of alleged offences that triggered SIRs were of rape. Lastly, there was a clear contrast in the predictive power of previous convictions: over half of those triggering a serious incident report through violent behaviour had previous convictions of violence, whereas under a quarter of those accused of a sexual offence had previous sexual convictions. Superficially this confirms that past violent behaviour is a powerful predictor of future violence, but also reflects the considerable gap between offending and conviction for sexual offenders.

/pdf/what-can-we-learn-from-serious-incident-reports-3p3zkgvxix.pdf

Maria Ansbro

Papers

Using attachment theory with offenders

The Nuts and Bolts of Risk Assessment: When the Clinical and Actuarial Conflict

Looking under the bonnet: probation officers' practice with child protection cases.

A qualitative examination of attachment-based concepts in probation supervision:

What can we learn from Serious Incident Reports