Sensitive optical biosensors for unlabeled targets: a review.

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

The testing and rapid detection of pathogenic organisms is a crucial protocol in the prevention and identification of crises related to health, safety and wellbeing. Pathogen detection has become one of the most challenging aspects in the food and water industries, because of the rapid spread of waterborne and foodborne diseases in the community and at significant costs. With the prospect of inevitable population growth, and an influx of tourism to certain water bodies testing will become a requirement to control and prevent possible outbreaks of potentially fatal illnesses. The legislation is already particularly rigorous in the food industry, where failure to detect pathogenic materials represents a catastrophic event, particularly for the elderly, very young or immune-compromised population types. In spite of the need and requirement for rapid analytical testing, conventional and standard bacterial detection assays may take up to seven days to yield a result. Given the advent of new technologies, biosensors, chemical knowledge and miniaturisation of instrumentation this timescale is not acceptable. This review presents an opportunity to fill a knowledge gap for an extremely important research area; discussing the main techniques, biology, chemistry, miniaturisation, sensing and the emerging state-of-the-art research and developments for detection of pathogens in food, water, blood and faecal samples.

A review of methods for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms

Food quality and safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation and storage of food in ways that prevent food borne illness. Food serves as a growth medium for microorganisms that can be pathogenic or cause food spoilage. Therefore, it is imperative to have stringent laws and standards for the preparation, packaging and transportation of food. The conventional methods for detection of food contamination based on culturing, colony counting, chromatography and immunoassay are tedious and time consuming while biosensors have overcome some of these disadvantages. There is growing interest in biosensors due to high specificity, convenience and quick response. Optical biosensors show greater potential for the detection of pathogens, pesticide and drug residues, hygiene monitoring, heavy metals and other toxic substances in the food to check whether it is safe for consumption or not. This review focuses on optical biosensors, the recent developments in the associated instrumentation with emphasis on fiber optic and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensors for detecting a range of analytes in food samples, the major advantages and challenges associated with optical biosensors. It also briefly covers the different methods employed for the immobilization of bio-molecules used in developing biosensors.

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Optical biosensors for food quality and safety assurance-a review.

The applications of molecular surface chemistry in heterogeneous catalyst technology, semiconductor-based technology, medical technology, anticorrosion and lubricant technology, and nanotechnology are highlighted in this perspective. The evolution of surface chemistry at the molecular level is reviewed, and the key roles of surface instrumentation developments for in situ studies of the gas–solid, liquid–solid, and solid–solid interfaces under reaction conditions are emphasized.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/108/3/917.full.pdf

Impact of surface chemistry

Remarkable developments can be seen in the field of optical fibre biosensors in the last decade. More sensors for specific analytes have been reported, novel sensing chemistries or transduction principles have been introduced, and applications in various analytical fields have been realised. This review consists of papers mainly reported in the last decade and presents about applications of optical fiber biosensors. Discussions on the trends in optical fiber biosensor applications in real samples are enumerated.

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Recent Development in Optical Fiber Biosensors

Optical biosensors have been commercially available since the early 1990s, and have been used extensively in many areas of research in the life sciences. Optical biosensors developed for drug analysis generally exploit the high selectivity of the antigen-antibody and drug-protein interaction. Optical biosensors can be made based on optical diffraction or electro-chemiluminescence. High throughput screening, (HTS) which includes automated preparation of a large number of samples and then screening of their properties in multi-well plates, improves the efficiency of research in many scientific areas, e.g., catalyst screening, food processing, chemical synthesis, drug discovery, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and toxicological and cell based screening. The three most common detection techniques used in HTS are UV-VIS absorbance, fluorescence and luminescence. In this review, we summarize some recent trends and developments in the construction of optical chemical biosensors used in high throughput screening of drugs. Also, we have included environmental, biological and other medical applications of biosensors.

Optical chemical biosensors for high-throughput screening of drugs.

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a fully mature technique and can readily be coupled to mass spectrometers relatively easily. In the last years, supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (SFCMS) has had a great advance in productivity, due to increase in reliability and robustness of both SFC and MS systems, the need to push drug discovery faster, and as a potential solution to old problems unsolved and new problems yet to be encountered. This article will illustrate the role of SFC-MS analysis in drug discovery process.

Applications of supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in pharmaceuticals.

The general objective of present work has been the devel- opment and application of analytical methodologies based on the combination of UV spectra with chemometrics methods of experi- mental design for establishing the matrix of calibration and later analysis of the obtained results. The analytes selected for this study have been citric acid and ascorbic acid. The citric acid is a tri-car- boxylic organic acid that is present in most of the fruits, mainly in citrus like the lemon and the orange. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an organic acid with antioxidant properties; their importance for the human immune system and for the prevention of various diseases is a matter of common knowledge.

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Use of Experimental Design for Calibration and Validation of Ascorbic Acid and Citric Acid Mixtures

Palabras clave: Acido citrico, Acido tartarico, Diseno experimental, ANOVA, Regresion lineal multiple Abstract: The aims of this work has been the development and application of analytical methodologies based on the combination of spectroscopic measures of ultraviolet with chemometric methods of experiments design to establishing the matrix of calibration and later analysis of the obtained results. Citric acid and tartaric acid have been the selected analytes for this study. Citric acid is a tricar- boxylic organic acid that is present in most of the fruits, mainly in citruses like the lemon and the orange. Tartaric acid is an organic acid extended enough in the nature. It is in the grape, and in small amounts in cucumbers and potatoes. It appears in form of salt in some vegetables and their juices.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2714899.pdf

María Espinosa Bosch

Papers

Recent Development in Optical Fiber Biosensors

Optical chemical biosensors for high-throughput screening of drugs.

Applications of supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in pharmaceuticals.

Use of Experimental Design for Calibration and Validation of Ascorbic Acid and Citric Acid Mixtures

Diseño experimental para la calibración y validación de ácido cítrico y ácido tartárico por espectrofotometría uv-visible normal y derivada