Birds in Europe: Their conservation status

https://repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/handle/11449/42589/WOS000287054500042.pdf?sequence=1

Degradation of the antibiotic amoxicillin by photo-Fenton process - Chemical and toxicological assessment

Proteus spp. bacteria were first described in 1885 by Gustav Hauser, who had revealed their feature of intensive swarming growth. Currently, the genus is divided into Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus penneri, Proteus hauseri, and three unnamed genomospecies 4, 5, and 6 and consists of 80 O-antigenic serogroups. The bacteria are known to be human opportunistic pathogens, isolated from urine, wounds, and other clinical sources. It is postulated that intestines are a reservoir of these proteolytic organisms. Many wild and domestic animals may be hosts of Proteus spp. bacteria, which are commonly known to play a role of parasites or commensals. However, interesting examples of their symbiotic relationships with higher organisms have also been described. Proteus spp. bacteria present in soil or water habitats are often regarded as indicators of fecal pollution, posing a threat of poisoning when the contaminated water or seafood is consumed. The health risk may also be connected with drug-resistant strains sourcing from intestines. Positive aspects of the bacteria presence in water and soil are connected with exceptional features displayed by autochthonic Proteus spp. strains detected in these environments. These rods acquire various metabolic abilities allowing their adaptation to different environmental conditions, such as high concentrations of heavy metals or toxic substances, which may be exploited as sources of energy and nutrition by the bacteria. The Proteus spp. abilities to tolerate or utilize polluting compounds as well as promote plant growth provide a possibility of employing these microorganisms in bioremediation and environmental protection.

/pdf/significance-and-roles-of-proteus-spp-bacteria-in-natural-2sehfd11ij.pdf

Significance and Roles of Proteus spp. Bacteria in Natural Environments

Summary
The spread of antimicrobial resistance is of major concern for human health and leads to growing economic costs. While it is increasingly hypothesized that wildlife could play an important role in antimicrobial-resistant bacteria dynamics, empirical data remain scarce.
The present work builds on a systematic review of the available data in order to highlight the main information we have and to suggest research pathways that should be followed if we aim to fill the gaps in our current knowledge.
To achieve this goal, we address four questions: (i) Which resistant bacteria are the most frequently observed in wildlife? (ii) How are resistant bacteria exchanged between wildlife and the other hosts involved? (iii) In which habitats are those resistant bacteria found? (iv) Are resistances associated with certain ecological traits of the host?
Synthesis and applications. We highlight the strong link existing between the impact of human activities on natural habitats and the carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria by wildlife. Furthermore, we underline that omnivorous, anthropophilic and carnivorous species are at high risk of being carriers and potentially spreaders of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Identifying among those groups key sentinel species may be of particular interest to implement ecosystem contamination surveillance. Finally, we discuss possible exchange routes for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria between humans and wildlife. Considering that water is of major importance in those exchanges, a critical way to control antimicrobial resistance spread may be to limit aquatic environment contamination by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antibiotics.

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2664.12596

Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife

Recent studies of natural environments have revealed vast genetic reservoirs of antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. Soil bacteria and human pathogens share AR genes, and AR genes have been discovered in a variety of habitats. However, there is little knowledge about the presence and diversity of AR genes in marine environments and which organisms host AR genes. To address this, we identified the diversity of genes conferring resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, and sulfadimethoxine in diverse marine environments using functional metagenomics (the cloning and screening of random DNA fragments). Marine environments were host to a diversity of AR-conferring genes. Antibiotic-resistant clones were found at all sites, with 28% of the genes identified as known AR genes (encoding beta-lactamases, bicyclomycin resistance pumps, etc.). However, the majority of AR genes were not previously classified as such but had products similar to proteins such as transport pumps, oxidoreductases, and hydrolases. Furthermore, 44% of the genes conferring antibiotic resistance were found in abundant marine taxa (e.g., Pelagibacter, Prochlorococcus, and Vibrio). Therefore, we uncovered a previously unknown diversity of genes that conferred an AR phenotype among marine environments, which makes the ocean a global reservoir of both clinically relevant and potentially novel AR genes.

/pdf/the-ocean-as-a-global-reservoir-of-antibiotic-resistance-rind4gk1j1.pdf

The Ocean as a Global Reservoir of Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Antibiotic-Resistance Patterns of Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates From Breeder Canaries (Serinus canaria domestica) With Clinical Disease

Keywords: carrier, demersal ﬁsh, piscine nodavirus,RT-PCR, Tyrrhenian Sea.Betanodavirus infection has been reported to causediseases in a wide variety of marine ﬁsh species inaquaculture worldwide, and it is responsible ofsevere economic losses (Gagne et al. 2004; Walker& Winton 2010). Fish nodaviruses more com-monly cause disease and mortality of up to 100%in larval and juvenile stages, although adults canalso be affected (Munday & Nakai 1997; Gagneet al. 2004). Fish surviving infection can becomeasymptomatic carriers. Disease is characterized byabnormal swimming behaviours associated withvacuolar lesions in the nervous tissues containingviral particles. Clinical signs should be ascribed toone single disease, ofﬁcially identiﬁed as viralencephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) also knownas viral nervous necrosis (VNN).The disease, present in the Mediterranean basin,affects farmed species such as European seabass,Dicentrarchus labrax L., and shi drum, Umbrinacirrosa L., but also wild species such as duskygrouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe), and whitegrouper, Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire) (Maltese & Bovo 2007). Nodavirus hasbeen identiﬁed in some wild apparently healthy ﬁshbelonging to the following species: garﬁsh, Belonebelone (L.), bogue, Boops boops (L.), thinlip greymullet, Liza ramada (Risso), whiting, Merlangiusmerlangus (L.), European hake, Merluccius merluc-cius (L.), ﬂathead grey mullet, Mugil cephalus L.,red mullet, Mullus barbatus barbatus (L.), commonpandora, Pagellus erythrinus (L.), axillary seabream,Pagellus acarne (Risso), black goby, Gobius niger L.,European pilchard, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum),gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., tub gurnard,Chelidonichthys lucerna (L.), and poor cod, Trisopte-rus minutus (L.), (Castric et al. 2001; Maltese et al.2005; Ciulli et al. 2006; Grodzki, Galletti & Ciulli2006).This study was aimed at determining the occur-rence of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy virus(VERV) in selected stocks of demersal ﬁsh species.Sampling: The study area is situated betweenCapo Suvero (the Calabrian coast) and Capo SanVito (the North-Western Sicilian coast) in theSouthernmost part of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Sam-plings were carried out during a summer trawl sur-vey and were performed with a commercial vesselequipped with an ad hoc designed net, with20 mm of stretched mesh size (Fiorentini et al.1999). A stratiﬁed random sampling method wasadopted (Relini 1998; Bertrand et al. 2002). Atotal of 23 hauls were carried out randomly allo-cated into ﬁve depth strata: A: 10–50 m(622 km

Detection of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy virus (VERV) in wild marine fish species of the South Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean).

Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates From Captive Reptiles

Study of the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from wild mammals in the National Park of Aspromonte (Calabria, Italy).

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from cats affected by diseases commonly encountered in practice, and to characterise...

Detection of multidrug resistance and extended-spectrum/plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from diseased cats in Italy.

Maria Foti

Papers

Antibiotic-Resistance Patterns of Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates From Breeder Canaries (Serinus canaria domestica) With Clinical Disease

Detection of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy virus (VERV) in wild marine fish species of the South Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean).

Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates From Captive Reptiles

Study of the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from wild mammals in the National Park of Aspromonte (Calabria, Italy).

Detection of multidrug resistance and extended-spectrum/plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from diseased cats in Italy.