Security, Anxiety, And Distress * Prototypes of Human Sorrow * The Place of Separation and Loss in Psychopathology * Behavior with and without Mother: Humans * Behaviors with and Without Mother: Non-Human Primates An Ethological Approach To Human Fear * Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear * Forms of Behavior Indicative of Fear * Situations that Arouse Fear in Humans * Situations That Arouse Fear in Animals * Natural Clues to Danger and Safety * Natural Clues, Cultural Clues, and the Assessment of Danger * Rationalization, Misattribution, and Projection * Fear of Separation Individual Differences In Susceptibility To Fear: Anxious Attachment * Some Variables Responsible for Individual Differences * Susceptibility to Fear and the Availability of Attachment Figures * Anxious Attachment and Some Conditions That Promote It * Overdependency and the Theory of Spoiling * Anger, Anxiety, and Attachment * Anxious Attachment and the Phobias of Childhood * Anxious Attachment and Agoraphobia * Omission, Suppression, and Falsification of Family Context * Secure Attachment and the Growth of Self-Reliance * Pathways for the Growth of Personality

Separation: Anxiety and Anger

This article examines the most important ideas to have emerged from the last 25 years of research on adolescent development in the family context and suggests some directions for the future. Two major sets of questions organize the review. First, how can we best characterize normative family relationships during adolescence, and, more specifically, is adolescence a time of parent A child conflict? Second, how do variations in parent – child relationships affect the developing adolescent? The answer to the first question depends on what is meant by conflict and, more importantly, from whom one gathers data. There is a need for a new perspective on the family, one that emphasizes the different viewpoints and stakes that parents and adolescents bring to their relationship with each other. Special attention should be paid to studies of the mental health of parents of adolescents. With regard to the second question, it is argued that there is enough evidence to conclude that adolescents benefit from having parents who are authoritative: warm, firm, and accepting of their needs for psychological autonomy. Therefore, it would seem most beneficial to institute a systematic, large-scale, multifaceted, and ongoing public health campaign to educate parents about adolescence, one that draws on the collective resources and expertise of health-care professionals, scientists, governmental agencies, community organizations, schools, religious institutions, and the mass media.

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We Know Some Things: Parent-Adolescent Relationships in Retrospect and Prospect.

Adolescence is an important developmental period for understanding the nature, course, and treatment of depression. Recent research concerned with depressive mood, syndromes, and disorders during adolescence is reviewed, including investigations of the prevalence, course, risk factors, and prevention and treatment programs for each of these three levels of depressive phenomena in adolescence. A broad biopsychosocial perspective on adolescent depression is recommended, and possible directions for future integrative research are proposed. Based on current research and knowledge, implications for research, program, and national policy are considered.

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Depression in adolescence.

In a longitudinal study of 1,301 students and the teachers they had for mathematics before and after the transition to junior high school, we assessed whether changes across the transition in students' perceptions of their teachers' supportiveness were related to changes in their valuing of mathematics. Using repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance, we found that when students moved from elementary teachers they perceived to be low in support to junior high teachers they perceived to be high in support, the intrinsic value of math was enhanced, while students who moved from teachers they perceived to be high in support to teachers they perceived to be low in support experienced a sharp decline in both the intrinsic value and perceived usefulness and importance of math. For students' perceptions of the usefulness and importance of math there was an interaction with achievement level. Math values decreased more sharply during the first year of junior high for low-achieving students who moved from more supportive to less supportive teachers than for high-achieving students who experienced the same change.

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Student/teacher relations and attitudes toward mathematics before and after the transition to junior high school.

An enduring hypothesis in the history of psychology is the notion that early caregiving experiences provide the prototype for later significant relationships. Although this hypothesis often has been extended to adult love relationships, compelling models of developmental processes that would account for continuity in relationship characteristics over so long a period are still needed. We propose a developmental view of the development of a capacity for intimacy in which distinct relational experiences are linked across time. Drawing on experiences and findings from a twenty-year longitudinal study of relationships and development, we illustrate evidence for intervening links during childhood and adolescence that eventually may predict the quality and significance of romantic relationships among young adults. We give particular attention to the importance of intervening links between early caregiving relationships and developing friendship capacities throughout middle childhood and adolescence. We then speculate about the links between the implications of different patterns of childhood closeness for adolescents' orientations to dating, romantic relationships, and transitory sexual liaisons. Finally, we propose criteria for future research that would advance understanding of the development of capacities for intimate relationships.

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Capacity for Intimate Relationships: A Developmental Construction

This book is written in an effort to establish some of the normal characteristics of today's teen-ager. It represents a study of 73 adolescent boys over a four-year period covering the high-school years. The sample is drawn from two suburban, middle-class schools. The book is divided into four parts. Part I describes the author's intent and procedure. The author mentions the many confusing usages of the term ``normal'' and the frequent assumptions made about the ``normal'' adolescent, based on data gathered from patient populations. In this study, the author prescreened his sample by using a self-perception questionaire and also eliminated any youngsters having obvious difficulties in the school. From this he drew his model population of 73 subjects. These were then evaluated by various methods, including the self-image questionnaire already mentioned, psychological tests, parent interviews, teachers' ratings, and six clinical interviews with each

The Psychological World of the Teenager: A Study of Normal Adolescent Boys.

Fifty missionary candidates drawn from three Protestant churches were evaluated by psychological tests and clinical interviews prior to acceptance for overseas and home service. The majority of the candidates showed no severe psychological problems, being well-adjusted in their personal and professional lives. A composite profile of these candidates is presented, with reference to the candidates' motivation for entering the mission field. Six candidates were found to have moderate to severe psychological problems. These candidates had specifically chosen the mission field in an effort to resolve their underlying conflicts adaptively.

Maria Paluszny

Papers

The Psychological World of the Teenager: A Study of Normal Adolescent Boys.

The new missionary. A review of 50 candidates.