第１章 ＧＥＭ調査の概要（分析の枠組み；調査方法；起業活動の定義；起業活動率；起業活動と経済成長；起業の計画と失敗） 第２章 起業家と事業特性（起業家の背景；起業家の能力；事業特性；起業家教育） 第３章 起業の環境（社会的資源；起業家に対する評価；経済危機の影響；起業活動の投資環境） 第４章 専門家調査（資金調達；政府の方針；支援プログラム；教育システム；技術移転；コマーシャル・サービス；起業文化；事業機会；経営能力；起業家に対する評価；女性への支援；急成長への注目；イノベーションへの関心；調査結果） 第５章 政策への提

起業と経済成長 : global entrepreneurship monitor調査報告

We develop the institutional configuration perspective to understand which national contexts facilitate social entrepreneurship (SE). We confirm joint effects on SE of formal regulatory (government activism), informal cognitive (postmaterialist cultural values), and informal normative (socially supportive cultural norms, or weak-tie social capital) institutions in a multilevel study of 106,484 individuals in 26 nations. We test opposing propositions from the institutional void and institutional support perspectives. Our results underscore the importance of resource support from both formal and informal institutions, and highlight motivational supply side influences on SE. They advocate greater consideration of institutional configurations in institutional theory and comparative entrepreneurship research.

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Institutions and social entrepreneurship: The role of institutional voids, institutional support, and institutional configurations

We model and test the relationship between social and commercial entrepreneurship drawing on social capital theory. We propose that the country prevalence rate of social entrepreneurship is an indicator of constructible nation-level social capital and enhances the likelihood of individual commercial entry. We further posit that both social and commercial entrepreneurial entry is facilitated by certain formal institutions, namely strong property rights and (low) government activism, albeit the latter impacts each of these types of entrepreneurship differently. We apply bivariate discrete choice multilevel modeling to population-representative samples in 47 countries and find support for these hypotheses.

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Entrepreneurship, Social Capital, and Institutions: Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship Across Nations

Comparative International Entrepreneurship A Review and Research Agenda

Abstract The study and practice of knowledge management has grown rapidly since the 90s, driven by social, economic, and technological trends. Tourism has been slow in adopting this approach due to not only a lack of gearing between researchers and tourism, but also to a “hostile” knowledge adoption environment. Its acquisition would close the gap and also provide both insights and potential applications for tourism. Research in Australia supports the assertion that this field is a late adopter of knowledge management. In response, this paper provides a model for tourism.

Knowledge management and tourism

The effect of social, cultural, and economic factors on entrepreneurship

Innovation, internationalization and business-growth expectations among entrepreneurs in the services sector

This paper contributes to the existing debate on the determinants of non-profit activity. The main theories have been centered in (1) the study of the individual behavior of people (donors, non-profit entrepreneurs), (2) one single factor or (3) one single country. To quantify this approach, data for 38 countries have been used, extracted from World Values Survey, United Nations Development Program and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. A structural modeling approach based in partial least squares (PLS) has been applied. The results provide evidence of the strength of environmental factors such as trust, economic development and social care public expenditures in non-profit activity. The model doesn’t confirm the existence of a positive relationship between entrepreneurship and non-profit activity. Nevertheless, the authors consider that the supply side theories and the idea of spatial production of entrepreneurship are quite consistent and find some signs evidencing a positive relationship between these variables.

Drivers of non-profit activity: a cross-country analysis

Specialized literature shows that internationalization, innovation, and entrepreneurship have positive effects on economic growth. Moreover, there is a positive relationship between them. In addition, female entrepreneurship is a key contributor to economic growth, not only by its creation of wealth and employment, but by the diversification of entrepreneurial activity. Nevertheless, evidence shows that female entrepreneurs are less likely to export and to participate in research and technology. The goal of this chapter is to contribute to the knowledge of entrepreneurial behavior, separating by gender. Special attention will be given to the gender-related differences in innovation and internationalization of entrepreneurs. To achieve this goal, we use a dataset of 42 countries from 5 continents that participated in Global Entrepreneurship Monitor in 2008. This study is an original large-scale empirical study about gender and entrepreneurial performance, focused on innovation and internationalization.

Women Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Internationalization

The main goal of this paper is to analyse the relationship between social capital and economic growth taking into account the role of fiscal policy from theoretical and empirical points of view. To achieve this goal, “Human Capital and Public Capital Effects on Economic Growth” is focused on the effects of two traditional factors: human capital and public capital effects on economic growth. “Social Capital Effects on Economic Growth” considers qualitative variables introducing some socioeconomic effects on economic growth process analysis. In this case, social capital the main variable will be considered. “Empirical Analysis,” an empirical analysis is developed considering the case of European countries prior to the EU enlargement. Finally, in Conclusions,” the main conclusions will be resumed.

María-Soledad Castaño

Papers

The effect of social, cultural, and economic factors on entrepreneurship

Innovation, internationalization and business-growth expectations among entrepreneurs in the services sector

Drivers of non-profit activity: a cross-country analysis

Women Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Internationalization

The Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Economic Growth