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Using Multivariate Statistics

Evaluating Model Fit

Violence is ubiquitous. Its diverse forms have destructive consequences and significantly affect the lives of people, families and communities worldwide. Its negative consequences include substance addiction, depression, suicide, school dropout, unemployment and recurrent interpersonal difficulties. Violence affects the lives of millions of people with long-lasting impact. It hampers development and recovery in conflict-ridden countries exacerbating societal divisions, perpetuating poverty, spreading crime and occasionally leading to war.

Global status report on violence prevention 2014

Being a cybervictim and a cyberbully – The duality of cyberbullying: A meta-analysis

The brutal gang rape of a physiotherapy student in India in December 2012 drew the world’s attention to the problem of sexual violence against women in that country. Protests and mass public reaction towards the case pressurized the government to respond to the crisis by changing the laws on sexual violence. However, these new laws have not led to a decrease in violence against women (VAW). Is this the result of the failure of the rule of law? Or does it highlight the limitations of law in absence of social change? This paper addresses the need for using law as a key tool in addressing violence against women in India. It recognizes that unless we address the structural and root causes of violence against women, our analysis will be limited. It is important to bridge the creation of new laws, with an analysis that speaks to the role of hypermasculinity, neoliberalism and culture in VAW. If unaddressed, what may result instead are quick fixes, symbolized by the passing of new laws that act as token gestures rather than ones leading to transformative action.

What’s Law Got to Do With It?

Interest in studying the particular case of the victimization of immigrant women has increased. This systematic review intends to document the violence that is experienced by immigrant women within their host country and its prevalence. Research was conducted using five databases: PsycArticles, Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect. We selected 24 quantitative studies, according to the following inclusion criteria: published between 2003 and 2013, that focused on an adult study population, and that revealed the prevalence of victimization that is experienced by immigrant women. These studies were mainly conducted in America (67 %) and Europe (33 %), and the participants were mostly Asian and Latin women. The large majority of the studies focused their attention on intimate partner violence, whose prevalence ranges between 17 % and 70.5 %. There is a high variability of the prevalence rates, which could be due to cultural factors and/or to methodological issues. These matters should be addressed by future researchers to allow for a better understanding of the phenomena.

Prevalence of Violence against Immigrant Women: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Intimate partner homicide: A meta-analysis of risk factors

Cyber-aggression in adolescence and internet parenting styles: A study with victims, perpetrators and victim-perpetrators

Trafficking in human beings (THB) has been gaining prominence in the political agendas of governments, both nationally and internationally. The fight against this crime involves the entire justice ...

Trafficking in human beings: Portuguese magistrates’ perceptions

Since the adoption of the UN Trafficking Protocol in 2000, the predominant approach to combat human trafficking has been based on the criminalization of traffickers in conjunction with a concern for victims’ protection. However, few empirical studies considered the effectiveness of those measures, which makes it difficult to understand why criminal cases of human trafficking generally result in few convictions. In Portugal, recent legislative changes have made the legal framework on human trafficking more comprehensive, inclusive and convergent with European directives. The effects of the implementation of those legislative changes on investigation and prosecution are still overlooked. The present study analyses the discourses of justice system professionals that concern the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking. It examines and identifies the factors that, in their perspective, block the recognition of the typifying elements of the crime of human trafficking and create obstacles to the prosecution and conviction of those crimes. Our findings suggest that legislative advances recognized by the participants need to be accompanied by other changes, some of a more systemic nature and others that are more specific. An efficient criminal procedure should include better legal phrasing of the means of evidence of human trafficking that is supported by objective instruments for this to be considered valid; the centralization of proof that the testimony of the victim has to overcome; specialized professional training of an ongoing nature; an efficient cooperation between the various law enforcement agencies at the national and international levels, with public prosecution services and magistrates; a greater clarification of the condition of the special vulnerability of victims and an informed perspective regarding the global nature of the phenomenon of human trafficking, one that is also sensitive towards the victim (e.g., in relation to the victims’ vulnerability, illegal status, and their difficulties in terms of social and cultural integration).

Mariana Gonçalves

Papers

Prevalence of Violence against Immigrant Women: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Intimate partner homicide: A meta-analysis of risk factors

Cyber-aggression in adolescence and internet parenting styles: A study with victims, perpetrators and victim-perpetrators

Trafficking in human beings: Portuguese magistrates’ perceptions

Human trafficking and criminal proceedings in Portugal: discourses of professionals in the justice system