Location sharing and tracking using mobile phones or other wireless devices

This report provides a comprehensive review of the current research on driver distractions deriving from within the vehicle. The impact of technology ( e.g., mobile phones and route guidance systems) and non technology-based distractions (e.g., eating, smoking and conversing with passengers) on driving performance is examined and the relative influence of these distractions on driving is discussed. Approximately one quarter of vehicle crashes in the United States are estimated to result from the driver being inattentive or distracted. Whilst the full extent to which distraction is a causal factor in vehicle crashes in Australia is not yet known, there is converging evidence that it likely to be a significant problem here. As more wireless communication, entertainment and driver assistance systems proliferate the vehicle market, the prevalence of distraction-related crashes here and overseas is expected to escalate. The various methods that have been employed to measure driver distraction are examined and those measurement techniques that appear most promising in being able to accurately measure in-vehicle distraction are identified. In the final section of the report, recommendations for research and for the management of driver distraction are provided as a first step in stimulating development of a national agenda for dealing with this issue.

Driver distraction: A review of the literature

Provided is a fully automated web service with location based services generally involved in transmission of situational location dependent information to automatically located mobile receiving data processing systems. The web service communicates with a receiving data processing system in a manner by delivering information to the device when appropriate without the device requesting it at the time of delivery. There are varieties of configurations made by different user types of the web service for configuring information to be delivered, and for receiving the information. The web service maximizes anonymity of users, provides granular privacy control with a default of complete privacy, and supports user configurable privileges and features for desired web service behavior and interoperability. The web service is fully automated to eliminate human resources required to operate services. Integrated with the web service are enhanced location based services providing map solutions, alerts, sharing of novel services between users, and complete user control for managing heterogeneous device interoperability through the web service.

System and method for anonymous location based services

Objective: The performance costs associated with cell phone use while driving were assessed meta-analytically using standardized measures of effect size along five dimensions. Background: There have been many studies on the impact of cell phone use on driving, showing some mixed findings. Methods: Twenty-three studies (contributing 47 analysis entries) met the appropriate conditions for the meta-analysis. The statistical results from each of these studies were converted into effect sizes and combined in the meta-analysis. Results: Overall, there were clear costs to driving performance when drivers were engaged in cell phone conversations. However, subsequent analyses indicated that these costs were borne primarily by reaction time tasks, with far smaller costs associated with tracking (lane-keeping) performance. Hands-free and handheld phones revealed similar patterns of results for both measures of performance. Conversation tasks tended to show greater costs than did information-processing tasks (e.g., w...

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Examining the Impact of Cell Phone Conversations on Driving Using Meta-Analytic Techniques

Driving performance in an instrumented vehicle was compared with performance in a low-cost, fixed-based driving simulator. Six men and six women drove a freeway route while periodically dialling simulated phone calls. The same subjects drove a laboratory driving simulator using two visual fidelity levels: a colour scene with relatively high detail, and a monochrome (night) scene showing only road-edge markings. Lane position, speed, steering-wheel angle and throttle position were recorded in both contexts. Lane-keeping in the simulator was less precise than on the road, but speed control performance was comparable. The SD of lane position in normal driving was about twice as large, on average, in the simulator (0.360 versus 0.165 m). Lane keeping and speed control were less precise when dialling the phone than in normal driving, both in the simulator and on the road, but the performance decrement was greater in the simulator. The addition of the phone task increased the mean lateral speed in the car by ab...

Comparison of driving performance on-road and in a low-cost simulator using a concurrent telephone dialling task

This report describes advanced driver information systems that should appear in cars of the early 21st century, and proposes a systems engineering method for selecting the most beneficial systems. Systems (functions) of interest were cellular phone, navigation/route guidance, roadway hazard warning, traffic information, vehicle monitoring, entertainment, in-car signing, motorist services, and in-car offices. For each system, the reduction of accidents (59.3%), benefits to traffic operations (39.4%), and driver wants (0.5%) and needs (0.8%) were considered. The accident scores were based on the impact of features on causal factors of accidents (e.g., inattention, excessive speed, etc.). Benefits to traffic operations were estimated from changes in mode choice (e.g., use of public transportation), route choice, and traffic flow (e.g., eliminating peak congestion). Driver wants were based on a focus group study. Driver needs were assessed from the impact of each feature on driver behavior for three representative trip scenarios (work, personal business, and social/recreational). Using these schemes, features of each system were ranked from most to least beneficial. From this and other information, the first five systems listed above were chosen for further study. Features ranked as particularly beneficial provided information about roadway hazards (crash site, construction, railroad crossing), congestion traffic rules, freeway management, path control (e.g., headlight out), and trip planning. Information elements (specific units of information) were identified for these features and prioritized.

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Functions and features of future driver information systems

This report describes driver performance and behavior when using an in- vehicle route guidance system, and a manually dialed car phone. It also provides normative data for driving without use of an in- vehicle information system. Description of the route guidance system and drivers' preferences, are also included.

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Further on-the-road tests of driver interfaces : examination of a route guidance system and a car phone

Twelve drivers (6 ages 18-30.6 over 65) participated in an experiment While seated in a vehicle mockup, they were shown slides of residential intersections photographed from the driver's viewpoint. Simultaneously, drivers saw slides of a navigation display. Drivers indicated if the two hages were for the same or different type of intersection (cross. Y. T, etc.). ?he response times indicated that Head-Up-Display-mounted displays were better than consolemounted displays (1524 versus 1630 ms). that aerial views were slightly better than plan views (1501 versus 1523 ms) and much better than perspective views (1706 ms). Finally. responses to displays where the roads were shown as solid objects were more rapid than to those shown as outlines (1557 versus 1597 ms). Emr and preference data supported these results. The results from this experiment should be validated with on-road data.

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Perspective In Orientation/navigation Displays: A Human Factors Test

This paper describes a 2–1/2 year project concerning human factors and future driver-information systems The project goals are to (1) develop human factors guidelines, (2) devise test methods for safety and ease of use, and (3) develop a model that predicts driver performance when using these systemsA literature review has been completed and focus groups that identified driver needs have been conducted In addition, a method was developed to select the most beneficial systems using accident reduction, congestion relief, and driver needs/wants as the criteria Consequently, car phones, navigation, traffic information, vehicle monitoring, and hazard warning systems were selected for further study Preliminary versions of each have been designed and laboratory tests are in progress Usability tests in a driving simulator and on the road are scheduled

Human factors research on future automotive instrumentation. A progress report

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Marie Williams

Papers

Functions and features of future driver information systems

Further on-the-road tests of driver interfaces : examination of a route guidance system and a car phone

Perspective In Orientation/navigation Displays: A Human Factors Test

Human factors research on future automotive instrumentation. A progress report

Examination of a Videotape-Based Method to Evaluate the Usability of Route Guidance and Traffic Information Systems