From analyzing 100 assessments of coping, the authors critiqued strategies and identified best practices for constructing category systems. From current systems, a list of 400 ways of coping was compiled. For constructing lower order categories, the authors concluded that confirmatory factor analysis should replace the 2 most common strategies (exploratory factor analysis and rational sorting). For higher order categories, they recommend that the 3 most common distinctions (problem- vs. emotion-focused, approach vs. avoidance, and cognitive vs. behavioral) no longer be used. Instead, the authors recommend hierarchical systems of action types (e.g., proximity seeking, accommodation). From analysis of 6 such systems, 13 potential core families of coping were identified. Future steps involve deciding how to organize these families, using their functional homogeneity and distinctiveness, and especially their links to adaptive processes.

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/129/2/216.pdf

Searching for the structure of coping: a review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping.

Although theoretical and empirical work on topics related to meaning and meaning making proliferate, careful evaluation and integration of this area have not been carried out. Toward this end, this...

Meaning in the context of stress and coping

Study objective: The aim of this paper is to systematically review and analyse the validity and reliability of Antonovsky’s life orientation questionnaire/sense of coherence scale (SOC). Design: The study is descriptive and analytical with a systematic integration of the contemporary knowledge base on the salutogenic research published 1992–2003. The review includes 458 scientific publications and 13 doctoral theses. Setting: Worldwide, based on postgraduate scientific publications in eight authorised databases, doctoral theses, and available books. Main results: The SOC questionnaire has been used in at least 33 languages in 32 countries with at least 15 different versions of the questionnaire. In 124 studies using SOC-29 the Cronbach’s α ranges from 0.70 to 0.95. The α values in 127 studies using SOC-13 range from 0.70 to 0.92, and in 60 studies using a modified SOC scale range from 0.35 to 0.91. Test-retest correlation show stability and range from 0.69 to 0.78 (1 year), 0.64 (3 years), 0.42 to 0.45 (4 years), 0.59 to 0.67 (5 years) to 0.54 (10 years). The means of SOC-29 range 100.50 (SD 28.50) to 164.50 (SD 17.10) points and SOC-13 from 35.39 (SD 0.10) to 77.60 (SD 13.80) points. After 10 years SOC seems to be comparatively stable, but not as stable as Antonovsky initially assumed. SOC tends to increase with age. The factorial structure of SOC seems rather to be multidimensional than unidimensional. SOC predicts a positive outcome in a long term perspective, although there are divergent findings reported. The SOC scale seems to be a reliable, valid, and cross culturally applicable instrument measuring how people manage stressful situations and stay well.

https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/59/6/460.full.pdf

Validity of Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale: a systematic review

The authors investigate the structure of intergenerational cohesion by examining social‐psychological, structural, and transactional aspects of adult child‐parent relations. The authors use latent class analysis to develop a typology based on three underlying dimensions of intergenerational solidarity: affinity, opportunity structure, and function. The same five types are found for relations with both mothers and fathers: tight‐knit, sociable, intimate but distant, obligatory, and detached. Relationship types are also differentiated by sociodemographic characteristics; relations with fathers and divorced parents tended to have the weakest cohesion. The authors conclude that adult intergenerational relationships in American families are structurally diverse but generally possess the potential to serve their members' needs.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/231213

Intergenerational solidarity and the structure of adult child-parent relationships in American families

Objective To critically review, analyze, and synthesize the literature on parenting stress among caregivers of children with asthma, cancer, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, epilepsy, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and/or sickle cell disease. Method PsychInfo, MEDLINE, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched according to inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of 13 studies and qualitative analysis of 96 studies was conducted. Results Caregivers of children with chronic illness reported significantly greater general parenting stress than caregivers of healthy children (d ¼ .40; p ¼� .0001). Qualitative analysis revealed that greater general parenting stress was associated with greater parental responsibility for treatment management and was unrelated to illness duration and severity across illness populations. Greater parenting stress was associated with poorer psychological adjustment in caregivers and children with chronic illness. Conclusion Parenting stress is an important target for future intervention. General and illness-specific measures of parenting stress should be used in future studies.

Parenting Stress among Caregivers of Children with Chronic Illness: A Systematic Review

Family Hardiness Index (FHI) 1991

Zusammenfassung. Mit dem Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) wurde ein bewahrtes Selbstbeurteilungsinstrument zur Erfassung der Krankheitsbewaltigung von Eltern chronisch kranker Kinder ins Deutsche ubertragen und psychometrisch uberpruft. Nach einer Darstellung des theoretischen Hintergrundes des CHIP werden die drei Dimensionen des Fragebogens beschrieben: I. Aufrechterhalten der familiaren Integration, Kooperation und einer optimistischen Sichtweise der Situation, II. Aufrechterhalten von sozialer Unterstutzung, Selbstwertgefuhl und psychologischer Stabilitat, III. Verstehen der medizinischen Situation durch Kommunikation mit anderen Eltern und medizinischem Personal. Die interne Konsistenz der Skalen liegt bei .75, .76 und .71. Die Retest-Reliabilitat betragt .75, .63 und .57 und verweist damit auf eine mittlere Veranderungssensitivitat des CHIP. Die externe Validitat wurde durch Korrelationen mit einzelnen Skalen der Trierer Skalen zur Krankheitsbewaltigung (TSK) demonstriert. Referenzwerte fu...

Fragebogen zur elterlichen Krankheitsbewältigung: Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) - Deutsche Version

Family schema, paradigms, and paradigm shifts: Components and processes of appraisal in family adaptation to crises.

Family Problem Solving Communication (FPSC) 1996

Intuitive reasoning linking family functioning and the work environment to the health status of employees, remains in need of confirmatory evidence. This study focuses on the health risk status of 117 women and 39 men who completed the Healthier People Health Risk Appraisal Inventory, received a physical examination, and completed questionnaires on family functioning and the work environment. A discriminant analysis comparing resilient (low health risk) with vulnerable (high health risk) subjects revealed for female employees, six family and eight work factors in predicting health risk with 86.3% accuracy; for male employees six family and four work factors predicted health risk with 87.2% accuracy. Implications for theory, intervention, and research are discussed.

Marilyn A. McCubbin

Papers

Family Hardiness Index (FHI) 1991

Fragebogen zur elterlichen Krankheitsbewältigung: Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) - Deutsche Version

Family schema, paradigms, and paradigm shifts: Components and processes of appraisal in family adaptation to crises.

Family Problem Solving Communication (FPSC) 1996

Family system and work environment predictors of employee health risk: A discriminant function analysis