物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

Software testing is any activity aimed at evaluating an attribute or capability of a program or system and determining that it meets its required results. Although crucial to software quality and widely deployed by programmers and testers, software testing still remains an art, due to limited understanding of the principles of software. The difficulty in software testing stems from the complexity of software: we can not completely test a program with moderate complexity. Testing is more than just debugging. The purpose of testing can be quality assurance, verification and validation, or reliability estimation. Testing can be used as a generic metric as well. Correctness testing and reliability testing are two major areas of testing. Software testing is a trade-off between budget, time and quality.

Software testing

This paper surveys the state of the art on the use and research of cloud computing in education following a systematic methodology. After a comprehensive search of the scientific literature, 112 works were selected for the review. The survey identifies and analyzes the advantages and risks that the use of cloud computing may have for the main stakeholders in education, which can be useful to identify the scenarios in which the use of cloud computing in an educational context may have significant advantages. Furthermore, the survey categorizes and discusses the main technical and domain-specific research challenges, thus facilitating researchers the task of finding relevant issues, in which they can focus their efforts. We review 112 scientific works on cloud computing in education up to 2012.The survey takes into account the main educational stakeholders.Advantages and risks of cloud in education are categorized and exemplified.We identify and discuss promising technical and domain-specific research issues.

Cloud computing and education

Offering real-time data security for petabytes of data is important for cloud computing. A recent survey on cloud security states that the security of users' data has the highest priority as well as concern. We believe this can only be able to achieve with an approach that is systematic, adoptable and well-structured. Therefore, this paper has developed a framework known as Cloud Computing Adoption Framework (CCAF) which has been customized for securing cloud data. This paper explains the overview, rationale and components in the CCAF to protect data security. CCAF is illustrated by the system design based on the requirements and the implementation demonstrated by the CCAF multi-layered security. Since our Data Center has 10 petabytes of data, there is a huge task to provide real-time protection and quarantine. We use Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) to simulate how data is in use. The use of BPMN simulation allows us to evaluate the chosen security performances before actual implementation. Results show that the time to take control of security breach can take between 50 and 125 hours. This means that additional security is required to ensure all data is well-protected in the crucial 125 hours. This paper has also demonstrated that CCAF multi-layered security can protect data in real-time and it has three layers of security: 1) firewall and access control; 2) identity management and intrusion prevention and 3) convergent encryption. To validate CCAF, this paper has undertaken two sets of ethical-hacking experiments involved with penetration testing with 10,000 trojans and viruses. The CCAF multi-layered security can block 9,919 viruses and trojans which can be destroyed in seconds and the remaining ones can be quarantined or isolated. The experiments show although the percentage of blocking can decrease for continuous injection of viruses and trojans, 97.43 percent of them can be quarantined. Our CCAF multi-layered security has an average of 20 percent better performance than the single-layered approach which could only block 7,438 viruses and trojans. CCAF can be more effective when combined with BPMN simulation to evaluate security process and penetrating testing results.

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Towards Achieving Data Security with the Cloud Computing Adoption Framework

In the current financial crisis and being challenged by growing needs, universities are facing problems in providing necessary information technology (IT) support for educational, research and development activities. The objective of this paper is to find alternatives to the use of IT, while leading universities to improve agility and obtain savings. The research methodology consisted in a rigorous analysis of the latest research on Cloud Computing as an alternative to IT provision, management and security. It also took into account the best practices for Cloud Computing usage within universities, plus the authors’ experience in IT and higher education. The article begins with a brief introduction to Cloud Computing in universities, referring to the most important results obtained so far. Further, a starting point for universities to use Cloud Computing is provided, by proposing an adoption strategy. The strategy includes five stages, with emphasis on the evaluation of data and processes/functions/applications from several major universities based on some key criteria, while creating a correspondence between these aspects and the models/services/applications that exist on the Cloud market. The results obtained are encouraging and support the use of Cloud solutions in universities by improving knowledge in this field and providing a practical guide adaptable to the university’s structure. In order to be applicable in practice, the proposed model takes into account the university’s architecture and criteria such as mission, availability and importance of applications and also the data’s mission, sensitivity, confidentiality, integrity and availability.

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Using Cloud Computing in Higher Education: A Strategy to Improve Agility in the Current Financial Crisis

Organizations face the need to adapt themselves to a complex business environment, in continuous change and transformation. Under these circumstances, organization agility is a key element in gaining strategic advantages and market success. Achieving and maintaining agility requires agile architectures, techniques, methods and tools, able to react in real time to change requirements. This paper proposes an incursion in the software development, from traditional to agile.Keywords: Software Development, Traditional Models, Agile Models, Agile Architectures, Agile Techniques, Agile InstrumentsIntroductionIncreased agility is a magnet to all organizations, especially for those in private sector. It will allow a rapid and efficient adaptation to market changes and gaining a strategic advantage. Moreover, increased agility contributes to decreasing the development time for new processes and increasing flexibility for existing processes, where modification and implementation is required. All that leads to decreased time for solving client demands, more clients gained, lower adaptation costs and finally increased revenue.In a complex and permanently changing environment, organization agility is no longer a necessity but a condition to access or remain on the market. An agile enterprise adapts fast to client demands and market opportunities, gaining competitive advantages on the market. This can be achieved only if the stakeholders clearly understand the working ways of the organization.From informational systems point of view, there are several ways to achieve agility, among which: Business Process Management (BPM) for orchestrating independent functionalities, Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) for designing and developing such functionalities and Decision Management (DM) for management of organization decisions.2 Software Development Life CycleDevelopment models are various processes or methodologies, selected to develop the project according to its purpose and objectives. Software developments models help improve the software quality as well as the development process in general.There are several models for the software development life-cycle, each developed for certain objectives. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is an environment that describes activities performed in each stage of the software development process. SDLC consists of a detailed plan that describes how the development, maintenance and replacement of specific software is conducted. This is also known as software development process. [1]The international standard for SDLC is ISO/IEC 12207. It aims to define all activities required to develop and maintain software. Figure 1 depicts the various stages of a typical SDLC.Stage 1: Requirements analysis and planning Analysis of requirements is the most important stage in SDLC. It is performed by senior members of the team, using inputs from the clients, sales department, market research and industry experts. This information is then used for a basic project plan and feasibility study from economic, operational and technical points of view. Also, in this stage the team plans the quality insurance requirements and identifies project risks. The result of technical feasibility study consists of definition of carious technical approaches that can be used to implement the project with minimal risks.Stage 2: Definition of requirementsAfter the requirements are analyzed, product requirements are clearly defined and documented. They must be approved by the client or by the market analysts through SRS (Software Requirement Specification). The SRS document lists all product requirements that must be designed and developed throughout the project life-cycle.Stage 3: Product architecture designSRS is the basic reference from which the architects set out to create the best architecture for the product. Usually, at least one product architecture approach is proposed, and it is documented in a DDS (Design Document Specification). …

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Software Development: Agile vs. Traditional

Globalization, financial crisis, requirements of the students from the XXI century and other factors are leading to pressure on universities in terms of ensuring appropriate IT (Information Technology) supports necessary for educational and research/development activities. Using an integrated approach based on SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture), BPM (Business Process Management) and Cloud Computing may be a solution to obtain the agility and quick access to technology, with the achievement of savings at institution level. In addition, the solution may offer new opportunities to improve practices and attain innovation. This paper provides an approach on how to use the mix of SOA, BPM and Cloud Computing in higher education, focusing on the implementation need and benefits. It also presents the current state of Romanian universities regarding the implementation of integrated solutions based on the latest technologies.

SOA, BPM and Cloud Computing: Connected for innovation in higher education

1 IntroductionEver since 1970, when Winston W. Royce created the first forma description of the waterfall model, software development has known a multitude of various approaches. Most of them were built upon the model presented by Royce, bringing new specific characteristics. Significant development for the proposed model are described in [1] from the perspective of main characteristics, software development stages, advantages, drawbacks and utilization recommendations. Beside this description, which may be considered a guide by project managers, another important element is the incremental model for software development, the foundation of the philosophy with the same name. Combining specific elements of the waterfall model with stages and attributes of the prototype model, the incremental development philosophy is the base for what is known today as agile software development (Figure 1).From a time perspective, agile development started in February 2001, when representatives of 17 software development organization met in Utah, USA, to discuss new and lightweight methods and methodologies to develop projects. The meeting yielded the famous Manifesto for Agile Software Development, which includes the 12 development principles. [2] According to the manifest, any proj ect that observes these development principles falls under the category of agile projects. In other words, the representatives of the 17 organizations have identified easier ways to develop software projects and to help others do the same, including these aspects in the 12 principles of Agile Manifesto. Analysts claim [3] that the 12 principles of the Agile Manifesto constitute a "dramatic contrast" from the traditional guide and de facto standard of project management PMBOK - Project Manager's Body of Knowledge.In a general way, we may say that agile development is a reaction to developers' needs when faced to ever more varied requests from clients. The economic environment is growing in flexibility, providing varied business opportunities, which requires organizations to have the ability to adapt and capitalize on these opportunities. This is only possible as long as the organizations can use agile business architectures, built upon flexible solutions. The agile software development concentrates on the client (beneficiary). Additionally, contrary to traditional approach, agile approach does not focus on creating documentation for the product. In turn, this can be a major drawback of the agile paradigm.On the other hand, an organization or business agility is a key element in gaining strategic advantages. Therefore, the existence of an agile architecture on organization level may lead to decrease in development time for new processes and increase in flexibility of existing processes. Additionally, the impact of business agility may be measured by the decrease in response time to clients' requests, increase of new client numbers, reduction of costs in adaptation to new economic scenarios and, finally, increase in organization income. The increasingly visible orientation of software developers towards agile development philosophy does not mean the traditional approach will be completely abandoned. There still are software projects of high complexity, with significant usage targets (at least regional or national level), which do not fit in any way to agile approaches (for example the project regarding national health cards in Romania).Additionally, considering the latest paradigms used on the software development market, agile philosophy is frequently associated with Cloud Computing, in order to highlight once more the flexible character of this approach on economic organization level. [4] Currently, all circumstances allow us to talk about Agile Development as a phenomenon with rapid growth from the microeconomic climate that initiated it towards the macroeconomic level. This claim is supported by the precedent of project oriented development that changed the perceptions or modern organization management. …

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Analyzing Agile Development – from Waterfall Style to Scrumban

The developments in information and communications technologies (ICT) come with changes in all the fields of life, including the education system. At the same time, the IoT (Internet of Things) is turning ever more important as regards the overall benefits that it brings to smart cities as well as the education system. Starting March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused fast-paced changes in education and forced the ICT integration in higher education. Despite that, the IoT is still at the beginning in the education system and the impact of its adoption is far from being fully understood. This article is aimed at describing a smart education environment and the extent to which the IOT is conducive to this desideratum. The paper also identifies and describes the most important benefits and challenges related to the adoption of the IoT in higher education. In order to analyze the impact of the IoT adoption in the education environment, the authors propose an assessment model based on six hypotheses, including their definitions and descriptions. They are validated against the Romanian higher education system, as well as a set of survey data. Structural equation modelling (SEM) is used in the study to validate the suggested model as well as to determine how the adoption of the IoT relates to intra- and extra-university connectivity, to attracting additional resources, to the teaching and learning activities, to data security and integrity as well as to education policies. The last part of the paper dwells on the analysis of a set of survey data and of the hypotheses shaped herein. The paper also includes recommendations, as well as the main conclusions, limitations and future research directions. It contributes both from the theoretical and practical perspective to the development of smart universities in the future.

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Marinela Mircea

Papers

Using Cloud Computing in Higher Education: A Strategy to Improve Agility in the Current Financial Crisis

Software Development: Agile vs. Traditional

SOA, BPM and Cloud Computing: Connected for innovation in higher education

Analyzing Agile Development – from Waterfall Style to Scrumban

Investigating the Impact of the Internet of Things in Higher Education Environment