■ Abstract The recent proliferation of scholarship on collective action frames and framing processes in relation to social movements indicates that framing processes have come to be regarded, alongside resource mobilization and political opportunity processes, as a central dynamic in understanding the character and course of social movements. This review examines the analytic utility of the framing literature for un- derstanding social movement dynamics. We first review how collective action frames have been conceptualized, including their characteristic and variable features. We then examine the literature related to framing dynamics and processes. Next we review the literature regarding various contextual factors that constrain and facilitate framing processes. We conclude with an elaboration of the consequences of framing processes for other movement processes and outcomes. We seek throughout to provide clarifi- cation of the linkages between framing concepts/processes and other conceptual and theoretical formulations relevant to social movements, such as schemas and ideology.

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Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment

Social Network Analysis

Introduction 1 Contentious politics and social movements: Part I The Birth of the Modern Social Movement: 2 Modular collective action 3 Print and association 4 Statebuilding and social movements Part II From Contention to Social Movements: 5 Political opportunities and constraints 6 The repertoire of contention 7 Framing contention 8 Mobilising structures and contentious politics Part III The Dynamics of Movement: 9 Cycles of contention 10 Struggling to reform 11 Transnational contention/conclusion: the future of social movements

Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics

Note on Translation Introduction by Michael Holquist Response to a Question from the Novy Mir Editorial Staff The Bildungsroman and Its Significance in the History of Realism (Toward a Historical Typology of the Novel) The Problem of Speech Genres The Problem of the Text in Linguistics, Philology, and the Human Sciences: An Experiment in Philosophical Analysis From Notes Made in 1970-71 Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences Index

Speech Genres and Other Late Essays

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

Preface to the second edition. 1. The Study of Social Movements: Recurring Questions, (Partially) Changing Answers. 1.1. Four Core Questions for Social Movement Analysis. 1.1.1. Is social change creating the conditions for the emergence of new movements? 1.1.2. How do we define issues as worthy objects, and actors as worthy subjects of collective action? 1.1.3. How is collective action possible? 1.1.4. What determines the forms and intensity of collective action? 1.1.5. Are these questions specific of social movement analysis? 1.2. What is Distinctive of Social Movements? 1.2.1. The concept of social movement. 1.2.2. Conflictual and consensual collective action. 1.2.3. Social movements, events, and coalitions. 1.2.4. Social movements and organizational processes. 1.2.5. Social movements and protest. 1.3. On This Book. 2. Social Changes and Social Movements. 2.1 Social Structure, Political Cleavages and Collective Action. 2.1.1 Economic change, social fragmentation and movements. 2.1.2. Economic globalization and social conflict. 2.2 States, markets, and social movements. 2.2.1. Territorial boundaries and social conflicts: the transnationalization of protest. 2.2.2. State and classes: the conflicts around the welfare state. 2.3 Knowledge, Culture and Conflicts. 2.3.1. Shifting boundaries between the public and the private: 2.3.2. Cultures and countercultures. 2.3.3. Between the global and the local. 2.4. Structural Transformations, New Conflicts, New Classes. 2.4.1. Still classes? 2.4.2. New middle classes for new social movements? 2.5 Summary. 3. The Symbolic Dimension of Collective Action. 3.1. Culture and Action: The Role of Values. 3.2. Culture and Action: The Cognitive Perspective. 3.2.1. Collective action as cognitive praxis. 3.2.2. Interpretative frames and ideology. 3.2.3. Sense making activities: linking values and frames. 3.3. Problems and Responses. 3.4. Summary. 4. Collective Action and Identity. 4.1 How Does Identity Work? 4.2 Multiple Identities. 4.3 Does Identity Facilitate Participation? 4.4 How Is Identity Generated and Reproduced? 4.4.1 Self- and hetero-definitions of identity. 4.4.2 Production of identity: symbols, practices, rituals. 4.4.3 Identity and the political process. 4.5 Summary. 5. Individuals, networks, and participation. 5.1. Why do People Get Involved in Collective Action? The Role of Networks. 5.2. Do Networks Always Matter? 5.3. Individuals and Organizations. 5.3.1 Exclusive affiliations. 5.3.2. Multiple affiliations. 5.4. Individual participation, movement subcultures, and virtual networks. 5.5 Summary. 6. Social Movements and Organizations. 6.1. Organizational Dilemmas in Social Movements. 6.1.1. Mobilizing people or resources? 6.1.2. Hierarchical or horizontal structures? 6.1.3. Challengers or 'service providers'? 6.2. Types of social movement organizations. 6.2.1. Professional movement organizations. 6.2.2. Participatory movement organizations. 6.3. How do social movement organizations change? 6.3.1. Patterns of change. 6.3.2. Institutional factors and organizational change. 6.3.3. Organizational cultures and organizational change. 6.3.4. Modernization, technological innovation, and organizational change. 6.4. From movement organizations to social movement networks. 6.5 Summary. 7. Action Forms, Repertoires and Cycles of Protest. 7.1 Protest: A Definition. 7.2 Repertoires of Action. 7.3. The Logics and Forms of Protest. 7.3.1 The logic of numbers. 7.3.2 The logic of damage. 7.3.3 The logic of bearing witness. 7.4 Strategic Options and Protest. 7.5 Factors Influencing Repertoire Choice. 7.6 The Cross-national Diffusion of Protest. 7.7. Cycles of Protest, Protest Wave and Protest Campaigns. 7.8. Summary. 8. The Policing of Protest and Political Opportunities for Social Movements. 8.1 The Policing of Protest. 8.2. Political Institutions and Social Movements. 8.3. Prevailing Strategies and Social Movements. 8.4. Allies, Opponents and Social Movements. 8.4.1. Social movements in a multiorganizational field. 8.4.2. Social movements and parties. 8.5. Discursive Opportunity and the Media System. 8.5.1. Discursive opportunities. 8.5.2. Media and movements. 8.6 Summary. 9. Social Movements and Democracy. 9.1 Social Movement Strategies and Their Effects. 9.2 Changes in Public Policy. 9.3 Social Movements and Procedural Changes. 9.4. Social Movement and Democratic Theory. 9.5. Social movements and democratization. 9.6 Summary. References. Index.

Social Movements: An Introduction

Recent developments in social movement research have evidenced a greater underlying consensus in the field than one might have assumed. Efforts have been made to bridge different perspectives and merge them into a new synthesis. Yet, comparative discussion of the concept of ‘social movement’ has been largely neglected so far. This article reviews and contrasts systematically the definitions of ‘social movement’ formulated by some of the most influential authors in the field. A substantial convergence may be detected between otherwise very different approaches on three points at least. Social movements are defined as networks of informal interactions between a plurality of individuals, groups and/or organizations, engaged in political or cultural conflicts, on the basis of shared collective identities. It is argued that the concept is sharp enough a) to differentiate social movements from related concepts such as interest groups, political parties, protest events and coalitions; b) to identify a specific area of investigation and theorising for social movement research.

The Concept of Social Movement

Introduction 1. Social movements, contentious actions, and social networks: 'from metaphor to substance'? PART I. INDIVIDUAL NETWORKS 2. Social Networks Matter. But How? 3. Movement development and organizational networks: The role of 'single members' in the German Nazi party, 1925-1930 PART II. INTERORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS 4. Networks in opposition: Linking organizations through activists in the Polish People's Republic 5. 'Leaders' or brokers? Positions and influence in social movement networks 6. Community embeddedness and collaborative governance in the San Francisco Bay Area environmental movement PART III. NETWORKING THE POLITICAL PROCESS 7. Contentious connections in Great Britain, 1828-1834 8. Networks, diffusion, and cycles of collective action 9. Movement in context: Thick networks and Japanese environmental protest PART IV. THEORIES OF NETWORKS, MOVEMENTS, AND COLLECTIVE ACTION 10. Why do networks matter? Rationalist and structuralist interpretations 11. Cross-talk in movements: Reconceiving the culture-network link 12. Beyond structural analysis: toward a more dynamic understanding of social movements 13. Networks and social movements: A research programme

Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action

Social Movements and Networks

This paper discusses the impact of 'computer mediated communication' (or CMC) on political activism and social movements. CMC may be expected to affect collective action by improving the effectiveness of communication and facilitating collective identity and solidarity. However, the heterogeneity of social movements undermines generic arguments and their relationship to CMC. Accordingly, the potential consequences of CMC on three different types of political organizations are discussed: organizations mobilizing mainly participatory resources, organizations focusing on professional resources, and transnational networks. The potential to build 'virtual [social movement] communities' seems highest among sympathizers of movement organizations who act professionally on behalf of causes with vast resonance among the public opinion and low radical potential. All in all, the most distinctive contribution of CMC to social movements still seems to be instrumental rather than symbolic. Existing bonds and solidaritie...

Mario Diani

Papers

Social Movements: An Introduction

The Concept of Social Movement

Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action

Social Movements and Networks

Social movement networks virtual and real