Determinations of the motion of the sun with respect to the extra-galactic nebulae have involved a K term of several hundred kilometers which appears to be variable. Explanations of this paradox have been sought in a correlation between apparent radial velocities and distances, but so far the results have not been convincing. The present paper is a re-examination of the question, based on only those nebular distances which are believed to be fairly reliable.

Distances of extra-galactic nebulae depend ultimately upon the application of absolute-luminosity criteria to involved stars whose types can be recognized. These include, among others, Cepheid variables, novae, and blue stars involved in emission nebulosity. Numerical values depend upon the zero point of the period-luminosity relation among Cepheids, the other criteria merely check the order of the distances. This method is restricted to the few nebulae which are well resolved by existing instruments. A study of these nebulae, together with those in which any stars at all can be recognized, indicates the probability of an approximately uniform upper limit to the absolute luminosity of stars, in the late-type spirals and irregular nebulae at least, of the order of M (photographic) = −6.3.1 The apparent luminosities of the brightest stars in such nebulae are thus criteria which, although rough and to be applied with caution, furnish reasonable estimates of the distances of all extra-galactic systems in which even a few stars can be detected.

Finally, the nebulae themselves appear to be of a definite order of absolute luminosity, exhibiting a range of four or five magnitudes about an average value M (visual) = −15.2.1 The application of this statistical average to individual cases can rarely be used to advantage, but where considerable numbers are involved, and especially in the various clusters of …

A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae

Galaxies and Globular Clusters in High Velocity Hydrogen Streams

We present very deep $HST$ WFPC2 images in the F814W filter of two Hawaii Survey fields, SSA13 and SSA22. Using these data with previous ground-based imaging and spectroscopy, we compare the colors, star-forming properties and morphologies of the faintest galaxies with a reference sample of bright nearby galaxies and analyze the changes in field galaxy morphology with magnitude. Our principal result is the identification of a new morphological class of ``chain'' galaxies at the faintest magnitudes. Based on limited spectroscopy, we tentatively conclude that these are linearly organized giant star-forming regions at $z = 0.5-3$ and, if this is correct, that these are large galaxies in the process of formation.

Faintest Galaxy Morphologies from $HST$ WFPC2 Imaging of the Hawaii Survey Fields

This Letter reports a measurement of the flux and energy spectrum of electron antineutrinos from six 2.9 GWth nuclear reactors with six detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls in the Daya Bay experiment. Using 217 days of data, 296 721 and 41 589 inverse β decay (IBD) candidates were detected in the near and far halls, respectively. The measured IBD yield is (1.55±0.04) ×10(-18)  cm(2) GW(-1) day(-1) or (5.92±0.14) ×10(-43)  cm(2) fission(-1). This flux measurement is consistent with previous short-baseline reactor antineutrino experiments and is 0.946±0.022 (0.991±0.023) relative to the flux predicted with the Huber-Mueller (ILL-Vogel) fissile antineutrino model. The measured IBD positron energy spectrum deviates from both spectral predictions by more than 2σ over the full energy range with a local significance of up to ∼4σ between 4-6 MeV. A reactor antineutrino spectrum of IBD reactions is extracted from the measured positron energy spectrum for model-independent predictions.

Measurement of the Reactor Antineutrino Flux and Spectrum at Daya Bay

COSMOGRAPHY What the universe contains The cosmic distance hierarchy and the determination of galactic densities The red shift and the expansion of the universe PHYSICAL BASIS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY The need for relativistic ideas and a theory of gravitation DIFFICULTIES WITH NEWTONIAN MECHANICS Gravity and inertial frames and absolute space Inadequacy of special relativity. Mach's principle and gravitational waves Einstein's principle of equivalence CURVED SPACETIME AND THE PHYSICAL MATHEMATICS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY Particle paths and the separation between events. Geodesics. Curved spaces. Curvature and gravitation GENERAL RELATIVITY NEAR MASSIVE OBJECTS Spacetime near an isolated mass Around the world with clocks Precession of the perihelion of Mercury Deflection of light Radar echoes from planets Black holes COSMIC KINEMATICS Spacetime for the smoothed-out universe Red shifts and horizons Apparent luminosity Galactic densities and the darkness of the night sky Number counts COSMIC DYNAMICS Gravitation and the cosmic fluid Histories of model universes The steady state theory Cosmologies in which the strength of gravity varies IN THE BEGINNING Cosmic black-body radiation Condensation of galaxies Ylem APPENDIX A: Labeling astronomical objects APPENDIX B: Theorema egregium PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS USEFUL NUMBERS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

Principles of cosmology and gravitation

A new cosmological model is proposed for the dynamics of the Universe and the formation and evolution of galaxies. It is shown that the matter of the Universe contracts and expands in cycles, and that galaxies in a particular cycle may have imprints from the previous cycle. It is proposed that RHIC’s liquid gets trapped in the cores of galaxies in the beginning of each cycle and is liberated throughout time and is, thus, the power engine of AGNs. It is also proposed that the large-scale structure is a permanent property of the Universe, and thus, it is not created. It is proposed that spiral galaxies and elliptical galaxies are formed by mergers of nucleon vortices (vorteons) at the time of the big squeeze and immediately afterwards and that the merging process, in general, lasts an extremely long time, of many billion years. The origin of quasars is explained and the evaporation rate of RHIC’s liquid is calculated. The large mass at the center of quasar PDS 456 is calculated and agrees in order of magnitude with that attributed to a supposed black hole. It is concluded that the Universe is eternal and that space should be infinite or almost.

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The Multi-Bang Universe: The Never-Ending Realm of Galaxies

Considering that each quark is composed of two prequarks, called primons, it is shown that the recently found neutral Higgs-like boson belongs to a triplet constituted of a neutral boson and two charged bosons. The quantum numbers of these bosons are calculated and shown to be associated to a new kind of hypercharge which is directly related to the weak decays of hadrons and to the CKM matrix elements. Solutions to the proton spin puzzle and to other problems of particle physics are presented.

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The Higgs-like Bosons and Quark Compositeness

It is proposed that the arms of spiral galaxies are formed by the continuous outflow of matter from their centers. It is then shown that the ratio between the radial and tangential velocities of the outflow is the parameter responsible for the logarithmic spiral structure of spiral galaxies. The fitting of some spiral galaxies to the model allows the calculation of the expansion velocities of matter in these galaxies and such values completely agree with the observational data. An approximate universal equation is proposed for the description of the arms of spiral galaxies with or without bars. Some important consequences are discussed with respect to dark matter, galactic evolution, cosmology, and the Milky Way. It is, particularly, concluded that dark matter does not exist in spiral galaxies.

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A New Model Without Dark Matter for the Rotation of Spiral Galaxies: the Connections Among Shape, Kinematics and Evolution

It is suggested that neutrino oscillations do not exist and, in the light of the latest results of July 2016 of the Daya Bay Collaboration and the recent discovery of a new fundamental interaction, it is proposed that the neutrino production at the Sun’s core in the pp and CNO cycles are much larger than what is predicted by the Standard Solar Model, exactly because of this new interaction. Therefore, the claimed neutrino deficits on Earth are completely misleading.

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Neutrino Oscillatins Hint at a New Fundamental Interaction

Considering that each quark is composed of two prequarks, called primons, it is shown that the recently found neutral Higgs-like boson belongs to a triplet constituted of a neutral boson 0 H and two charged bosons H H is, actually, a triplet and both H + and H − are doublets. The quantum numbers of these bosons are calculated and shown to be associated to a new kind of hypercharge which is directly related to the weak decays of hadrons and to the CKM matrix elements. Solutions to the proton spin puzzle and to other problems of particle physics are presented.

/pdf/the-higgs-like-bosons-and-quark-compositeness-gxoqiu4bkp.pdf

Mario Everaldo de Souza

Papers

The Multi-Bang Universe: The Never-Ending Realm of Galaxies

The Higgs-like Bosons and Quark Compositeness

A New Model Without Dark Matter for the Rotation of Spiral Galaxies: the Connections Among Shape, Kinematics and Evolution

Neutrino Oscillatins Hint at a New Fundamental Interaction

The Higgs-like Bosons and Quark Compositeness