National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.

/pdf/smart-grid-the-new-and-improved-power-grid-a-survey-4jypbbgv3j.pdf

Smart Grid — The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey

Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid:

The smart grid is conceived of as an electric grid that can deliver electricity in a controlled, smart way from points of generation to active consumers. Demand response (DR), by promoting the interaction and responsiveness of the customers, may offer a broad range of potential benefits on system operation and expansion and on market efficiency. Moreover, by improving the reliability of the power system and, in the long term, lowering peak demand, DR reduces overall plant and capital cost investments and postpones the need for network upgrades. In this paper a survey of DR potentials and benefits in smart grids is presented. Innovative enabling technologies and systems, such as smart meters, energy controllers, communication systems, decisive to facilitate the coordination of efficiency and DR in a smart grid, are described and discussed with reference to real industrial case studies and research projects.

Demand response and smart grids—A survey

Phasor Measurement Techniques.- Phasor Estimation of Nominal Frequency Inputs.- Phasor Estimation at Off-Nominal Frequency Inputs.- Frequency Estimation.- Phasor Measurement Units and Phasor Data Concentrators.- Transient Response of Phasor Measurement Units.- Phasor Measurement Applications.- State Estimation.- Control with Phasor Feedback.- Protection Systems with Phasor Inputs.- Electromechanical Wave Propagation.

Synchronized Phasor Measurements and Their Applications

This paper will briefly review the installation of the Symmetrical Component Distance Relay (SCDR) in AEP's Matt Funk substation and discuss our field experience. Data on system performance will be presented. Special emphasis will be placed on electromagnetic susceptibility problems encountered in the field and corroborating data obtained from AEP laboratory EMI testing. Problems were encountered with the original formulation of the impedance algorithm as presented in previous papers. When dealing with the calculation of ground distance on lines with infeed, the algorithm misclassified fault types. This problem and the latest evolution of our impedance calculation formula will be discussed.

Field Experience with the AEP Digital Relay

This paper is a summary of an IEEE/PES Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) report [2] on the design and testing of selected System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS). The report includes high level general considerations in SIPS design and testing, and the industry practice in design and testing of the following selected SIPS with example implemented schemes: (1) Generator rejection; (2) Load rejection; (3) Adaptive load mitigation; (4) Dynamic braking; and (5) System separation.

IEEE/PES PSRC report on design and testing of selected System Integrity Protection Schemes

This paper describes the commissioning methodologies and roadmap for an IEC 61850-90-5 based synchrophasor system, including PMUs, PDCs, IRIG-B and IEEE 1588 GPS clocks, synchrophasor streaming protocols and historian storage. It especially addresses lessons during the commissioning of this large-scale synchrophasor system deployment.

Challenges and lessons learned from commissioning an IEC 61850-90-5 based synchrophasor system

Before 2003 blackout, protection engineers didn't pay much attention to this phenomenon; it was not even part of relay acceptance testing. However, multiple nuisance trips during this blackout, forced system operators to look at this problem and re-evaluate relay performance for such conditions. In fact, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has appealed to the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee to evaluate system relay protection response to off-nominal frequency conditions and come up with a report and recommendations to avoid misoperations during major system disturbances. As it was demonstrated in this paper, practically all protection elements are impacted by off-nominal frequency conditions, some to a greater extent than others. This paper has explained how the microprocessor relay adjusts sampling frequency to the system frequency to minimize errors. It also has given some insights to the protection engineer on how to test in order to evaluate a particular relay response during such conditions. The potential Impact on major protection functions was revealed. It is clear that different relay designs may be more or less vulnerable to off-nominal frequency conditions.

Impact of frequency deviations protection functions

The availability of electricity supply in all areas of life has become a critical need. In the industrial arena, costs due to the loss of electrical power and resulting process interruption can usually be quantified into hard dollars. Many larger industrials, however, contain significant co-generation capability that produce both electricity and waste heat for steam production utilized in the plant processes. At any instant in time, the available generation may be able to supply the needs of the plant if islanded; at other times and conditions, a sizable portion of the plant load must be shed in order for the load to match the available generation. In all cases, the goal is to maintain as much of the plant process as possible during an external disturbance or island condition in order to minimize environmental impact, production loss, and potential equipment damage. This paper presents the design and implementation details of a control system that detects an island condition in an industrial facility, creates the island if needed, and executes a multi-tier load shed based on the load-generation balance that existed prior to the creation of the island. System operation in island mode and performance metrics obtained from dynamic tests are presented.

Mark Adamiak

Papers

Field Experience with the AEP Digital Relay

IEEE/PES PSRC report on design and testing of selected System Integrity Protection Schemes

Challenges and lessons learned from commissioning an IEC 61850-90-5 based synchrophasor system

Impact of frequency deviations protection functions

Design & Implementation of an Industrial Facility Islanding and Load Shed System