A new global scale water indicator, the freshwater provisioning index for humans (FPIh), maps the capacity of upstream source areas to provide water for human populations downstream. The freshwater provisioning index for humans combined with estimates of threats to water source areas assesses the compounded impacts on freshwater provisions at their point-of-service and the humans they support downstream. Nearly the entire world is serviced by freshwater sources compromised to a moderate extent through human activities, with 82% of the world’s population served by upstream areas exposed to high levels of threat. Globally, 75% of the world’s population benefits from engineered remediation of highly impaired source areas. Despite these gains, more than 80% of the global population still experiences moderate levels of threat impacting their freshwater provisions. Industrialized nations greatly limit their exposure to threats via infrastructure investments whereas regions in the developing world with moderate threat and little means of mitigation are viewed as the most vulnerable. Populations served by water source areas in industrialized countries receive highest threat reductions overall (50–70%) while those served by provision areas in the least developed countries receive <20% threat decrease. Better management of upstream source areas in poorer countries represents an opportunity to reduce threat lessening reliance on costly engineering solutions. Viewing the world in terms of the threats imposed on freshwater provisions combined with regional capacity to abate these impairments through infrastructure investments yields a spatial typology of freshwater resource development states reflecting region-specific challenges with unique management implications. Global mapping of threat development states provides a synoptic-scale diagnosis of key water resource challenges we link with state-specific water service management strategies including service area conservation, threat reduction, and green and gray infrastructure investments to more sustainably manage upstream freshwater provisions. This study provides a functional architecture to assess potential investment strategies to sustainably protect and manage critical upstream freshwater provisions addressing unique challenges faced by different regions of the world.

Freshwater ecosystem services supporting humans: Pivoting from water crisis to water solutions

This article surveys selected contributions of economics to the literature on water pollution and the regulation of water quality. While not a comprehensive review, the article highlights w...

The Economics of Water Quality

Taking issue with associations between American literature and identity politics, this essay argues that to remap the culture of the United States in global terms is to problematize its exemplary and exceptionalist qualities and recognize inherent transnational frictions. As an example of this, the writings of Emerson and Thoreau in the 1840s are situated in relation to conflicts over the Oregon Territory, so that their textual designs come to seem less abstract or Neoplatonic than aggressively nationalistic. To restore a sense of the spatial problematic to American literature is to interrogate its more traditional integration within a temporal dimension of prophetic destiny. The essay concludes by suggesting that reexamining American allegories of interiority through pre-Romantic theories of spatial formation effectively produces a different perspective on texts that have become naturalized as examples of liberal self-reliance and institutionalized as types of classic American literature.

Transnationalism and Classic American Literature

Most existing literature focuses on the benefits of establishing basic drinking water access for unserved populations, the extensive water supply margin. In contrast, this article examines the intensive margin—the benefits of improving water service to under-served households, a growing population in developing country cities. We use contingent valuation to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for improved piped water quality and reductions in supply interruptions among a sample of 193 households in Lahore, Pakistan. The distribution of WTP is described using parametric and non-parametric models. Results indicate that households in Lahore are willing to pay about $7.50 to $9 per month for piped water supply that is clean and drinkable directly from the tap—comparable to the monthly cost of in-home water treatment, and about three to four times the average monthly water bill for sample households using piped water. Estimates of WTP for reducing supply interruptions are both smaller and more difficult to interpret, since a significant fraction of the estimated WTP distribution for supply improvements is negative. All of our WTP estimates are well below 4% of monthly household income, the World Bank’s benchmark upper bound for affordable water service.

The Value of Household Water Service Quality in Lahore, Pakistan

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Peppermint Kings: A Rural American History

Livre illustre de 192 pages sur l’eau qui, visant un public de non-specialistes, traite tous les aspects de l’eau dans la nature et par rapport a l’homme. La presentation du sujet touche aux domaines scientifique, ecologique, politique, culturel et esthetique.

Water: The Essence of Life

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream

The Second Edition features significantly expanded explanatory annotations, particularly of biblical allusions. "Contemporary Reviews" includes nineteen commentaries on The Confidence-Man, eight of them new to the Second Edition. Better understood today are the concerted attacks on Melville by, especially, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Methodist reviewers. A new section, "Biographical Overviews," embodies the transformation of knowledge about Melville's life that has occurred over the last three decades. This section provides a wide range of readings of Melville's life by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Dennis Marnon, and Hershel Parker, among others. "Sources, Backgrounds, and Criticism" is thematically organized to inform readers about movements and social developments central to Melville's America and to this novel, including utopias, cults, cure-alls, Transcendentalism, Indian hating, the Bible, and popular literature. A Selected Bibliography is also included.

The confidence-man : his masquerade : an authoritative text, contemporary reviews, biographical overviews, sources, backgrounds, and criticism

Cet ouvrage rassemble une trentaine d'articles sur litterature et culture ethniques aux Etats-Unis et en Europe dans une perspective comparatiste.

Literature on the Move: Comparing Diasporic Ethnicities in Europe and the Americas

Since Gertrude Stein's training in psychology contributed significantly to her conception of human behavior, a close look at her studies in this discipline can shed light on the characterization in \" Melanctha,\" the second story in a collection entitled Three Lives, which Stein originally published in 1909. An examination of both the influence of William James, under whom Stein had studied at Harvard, and her own articles, \"Normal Motor Automatism\" and \"Cultivated Motor Automatism; A Study of Character in Its Relation to Attention,\" both of which appeared in the Psychological Review, can clarify Stein's view of Melanctha and Jeff, the two central characters in the story. Stein conceived Melanctha as an hysteric, alternately ruled by one of her two warring personalities, while she portrayed Jeff as a normal, though logic-dominated, human being trying to experience a deeper emotional life by liberating his unconscious.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0021875800026578

Mark Niemeyer

Papers

Water: The Essence of Life

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream

The confidence-man : his masquerade : an authoritative text, contemporary reviews, biographical overviews, sources, backgrounds, and criticism

Literature on the Move: Comparing Diasporic Ethnicities in Europe and the Americas

Hysteria and the Normal Unconscious: Dual Natures in Gertrude Stein's “Melanctha”