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Using Multivariate Statistics

Digital processing of speech signals

An intelligent automated assistant system engages with the user in an integrated, conversational manner using natural language dialog, and invokes external services when appropriate to obtain information or perform various actions. The system can be implemented using any of a number of different platforms, such as the web, email, smartphone, and the like, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the system is based on sets of interrelated domains and tasks, and employs additional functionally powered by external services with which the system can interact.

Intelligent Automated Assistant

A speech recognition system receives and analyzes speech input from a user in order to recognize and accept a response from the user. Under certain conditions, information about the response expected from the user may be available. In these situations, the available information about the expected response is used to modify the behavior of the speech recognition system by taking this information into account. The modified behavior of the speech recognition system comprises adjusting the rejection threshold when speech input matches the predetermined expected response.

Method and system for considering information about an expected response when performing speech recognition

A method and apparatus that dynamically adjust operational parameters of a text-to-speech engine in a speech-based system are disclosed. A voice engine or other application of a device provides a mechanism to alter the adjustable operational parameters of the text-to-speech engine. In response to one or more environmental conditions, the adjustable operational parameters of the text-to-speech engine are modified to increase the intelligibility of synthesized speech.

Systems and methods for dynamically improving user intelligibility of synthesized speech in a work environment

The effects of age, sex, and vocal tract configuration on the glottal excitation signal in speech are only partially understood, yet understanding these effects is important for both recognition and synthesis of speech as well as for medical purposes. In this paper, three acoustic measures related to the voice source are analyzed for five vowels from 3145 CVC utterances spoken by 335 talkers (8-39 years old) from the CID database [Miller et al., Proceedings of ICASSP, 1996, Vol. 2, pp. 849-852]. The measures are: the fundamental frequency (F0), the difference between the "corrected" (denoted by an asterisk) first two spectral harmonic magnitudes, H1* - H2* (related to the open quotient), and the difference between the "corrected" magnitudes of the first spectral harmonic and that of the third formant peak, H1* - A3* (related to source spectral tilt). The correction refers to compensating for the influence of formant frequencies on spectral magnitude estimation. Experimental results show that the three acoustic measures are dependent to varying degrees on age and vowel. Age dependencies are more prominent for male talkers, while vowel dependencies are more prominent for female talkers suggesting a greater vocal tract-source interaction. All talkers show a dependency of F0 on sex and on F3, and of H1* - A3* on vowel type. For low-pitched talkers (F0 < or = 175 Hz), H1* - H2* is positively correlated with F0 while for high-pitched talkers, H1* - H2* is dependent on F1 or vowel height. For high-pitched talkers there were no significant sex dependencies of H1* - H2* and H1* - A3*. The statistical significance of these results is shown.

/pdf/age-sex-and-vowel-dependencies-of-acoustic-measures-related-1wg9yhqwru.pdf

Age, sex, and vowel dependencies of acoustic measures related to the voice source.

A fast on-line automatic speaker/environment adaptation suitable for speech/speaker recognition system, method and computer program product are presented. The system comprises a computer system including a processor, a memory coupled with the processor, an input coupled with the processor for receiving acoustic signals, and an output coupled with the processor for outputting recognized words or sounds. The system includes a model-adaptation system and a recognition system, configured to accurately and efficiently recognize on-line distorted sounds or words spoken with different accents, in the presence of randomly changing environmental conditions. The model-adaptation system quickly adapts standard acoustic training models, available on audio recognition systems, by incorporating distortion parameters representative of the changing environmental conditions or the speaker's accent. By adapting models already available to the new environment, the system does not need separate adaptation training data.

Method and apparatus for fast on-line automatic speaker/environment adaptation for speech/speaker recognition in the presence of changing environments

Increases in open quotient are widely assumed to cause changes in the amplitude of the first harmonic relative to the second (H1*–H2*), which in turn correspond to increases in perceived vocal breathiness. Empirical support for these assumptions is rather limited, and reported relationships among these three descriptive levels have been variable. This study examined the empirical relationship among H1*–H2*, the glottal open quotient (OQ), and glottal area waveform skewness, measured synchronously from audio recordings and high-speed video images of the larynges of six phonetically knowledgeable, vocally healthy speakers who varied fundamental frequency and voice qualities quasi-orthogonally. Across speakers and voice qualities, OQ, the asymmetry coefficient, and fundamental frequency accounted for an average of 74% of the variance in H1*–H2*. However, analyses of individual speakers showed large differences in the strategies used to produce the same intended voice qualities. Thus, H1*–H2* can be predicted with good overall accuracy, but its relationship to phonatory characteristics appears to be speaker dependent.

/pdf/variability-in-the-relationships-among-voice-quality-2wj4q0ihqm.pdf

Variability in the relationships among voice quality, harmonic amplitudes, open quotient, and glottal area waveform shape in sustained phonation.

Many voice quality parameters, such as the open quotient (OQ), depend on an accurate estimate of the source spectrum. It is known that OQ, for example, is correlated with the magnitude difference of the first two harmonics (H/sub 1/-H/sub 2/) of the speech source spectrum. In order to compare OQ estimates across different vocal tract configurations a magnitude correction is achieved by removing the influence of vocal tract resonances. The improved correction described in this paper is inspired by a correction formula of H. M. Hanson (see Glottal characteristics of female speakers, PhD. dissertation, Harvard university, Cambridge, MA, 1995). The new correction formula accounts for the bandwidths of all the vocal tract resonances, and most importantly, is not limited to the analysis of non-high vowels. H/sub 1/-H/sub 2/ estimates, using the proposed technique with synthesized vowels generated with the Liljencrants-Fant (LF) and the KLGLOTT88 models, are very accurate.

/pdf/an-improved-correction-formula-for-the-estimation-of-5han6ql836.pdf

An improved correction formula for the estimation of harmonic magnitudes and its application to open quotient estimation

This paper describes the design and realization of an automatic system for assessing and evaluating the language and literacy skills of young children. This system was developed in the context of the TBALL (technology based assessment of language and literacy) project and aims at automatically assessing the English literacy skills of both native talkers of American English and Mexican-American children in grades K-2. The automatic assessments were carried out employing appropriate speech recognition and understanding techniques. In this paper, we describe the system focusing on the role of the multiple sources of information at our disposal. We present the content of the assessment system, discuss some issues in creating a child-friendly interface, and how to provide a suitable feedback to the teachers. In addition, we will discuss the different assessment modules and the different algorithms used for speech analysis.

Markus Iseli

Papers

Age, sex, and vowel dependencies of acoustic measures related to the voice source.

Method and apparatus for fast on-line automatic speaker/environment adaptation for speech/speaker recognition in the presence of changing environments

Variability in the relationships among voice quality, harmonic amplitudes, open quotient, and glottal area waveform shape in sustained phonation.

An improved correction formula for the estimation of harmonic magnitudes and its application to open quotient estimation

A System for Technology Based Assessment of Language and Literacy in Young Children: the Role of Multiple Information Sources