Evolution of Protein Molecules

where A represents the magnetic vector potential, is an integral of the hydromagnetic equations. This -integral made it possible to formulate a variational principle for the force-free magnetic fields. The integral expresses the fact that motions cannot transform a given field in an entirely arbitrary different field, if the conductivity of the medium isconsidered infinite. In this paper we shall show that the full set of hydromagnetic equations admit five more integrals, besides the energy integral, if dissipative processes are absent. These integrals, as we shall presently verify, are I2 =fbHvdV, (2)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Phylogenetic inference from sequences can be misled by both sampling (stochastic) error and systematic error (nonhistorical signals where reality differs from our simplified models). A recent study of eight yeast species using 106 concatenated genes from complete genomes showed that even small internal edges of a tree received 100% bootstrap support. This effective negation of stochastic error from large data sets is important, but longer sequences exacerbate the potential for biases (systematic error) to be positively misleading. Indeed, when we analyzed the same data set using minimum evolution optimality criteria, an alternative tree received 100% bootstrap support. We identified a compositional bias as responsible for this inconsistency and showed that it is reduced effectively by coding the nucleotides as purines and pyrimidines (RY-coding), reinforcing the original tree. Thus, a comprehensive exploration of potential systematic biases is still required, even though genome-scale data sets greatly reduce sampling error.

Genome-scale phylogeny and the detection of systematic biases

Cohen‐macaulay modules over cohen‐macaulay rings

Mathematics in the Archaeological and Historical Sciences. Edited by F. R. Hodson, D. G. Kendall and P. Tăutu. Pp. vii, 565. £10. 1971. (Edinburgh University Press.)

The existence of stable ACM vector bundles of high rank on algebraic varieties is a challenging problem. In this paper, we study stable Ulrich bundles (that is, stable ACM bundles whose corresponding module has the maximum number of generators) on nonsingular cubic surfaces X ⊂ ℙ3. We give necessary and sufficient conditions on the first Chern class D for the existence of stable Ulrich bundles on X of rank r and c1 = D. When such bundles exist, we prove that the corresponding moduli space of stable bundles is smooth and irreducible of dimension D2 - 2r2 + 1 and consists entirely of stable Ulrich bundles (see Theorem 1.1). We are also able to prove the existence of stable Ulrich bundles of any rank on nonsingular cubic threefolds in ℙ4, and we show that the restriction map from bundles on the threefold to bundles on the surface is generically etale and dominant.

/pdf/stable-ulrich-bundles-3irtupu12o.pdf

Stable ulrich bundles

In this paper we prove that, for every r = 2, the moduli space MsX (r; c1,c2) of rank r stable vector bundles with Chern classes c1 = rH and c2 = 1/2 (3r2 - r) on a nonsingular cubic surface X ? P3 contains a nonempty smooth open subset formed by ACM bundles, i.e. vector bundles with no intermediate cohomology. The bundles we consider for this study are extremal for the number of generators of the corresponding module (these are known as Ulrich bundles), so we also prove the existence of indecomposable Ulrich bundles of arbitrarily high rank on X.

/pdf/acm-bundles-on-cubic-surfaces-4svstfe9dy.pdf

ACM bundles on cubic surfaces

In this paper we prove that, for every $r \geq 2$, the moduli space $M^s_X(r;c_1,c_2)$ of rank $r$ stable vector bundles with Chern classes $c_1=rH$ and $c_2=(3r^2-r)/2$ on a nonsingular cubic surface $X \subset \mathbb{P}^3$ contains a nonempty smooth open subset formed by ACM bundles, i.e. vector bundles with no intermediate cohomology. The bundles we consider for this study are extremal for the number of generators of the corresponding module (these are known as Ulrich bundles), so we also prove the existence of indecomposable Ulrich bundles of arbitrarily high rank on $X$.

/pdf/relevant-phylogenetic-invariants-of-evolutionary-models-5a8qh3s7d3.pdf

Relevant phylogenetic invariants of evolutionary models

The existence of stable ACM vector bundles of high rank on algebraic varieties is a challenging problem. In this paper, we study stable Ulrich bundles (that is, stable ACM bundles whose corresponding module has the maximum number of generators) on nonsingular cubic surfaces $X \subset \mathbb{P}^3.$ We give necessary and sufficient conditions on the first Chern class $D$ for the existence of stable Ulrich bundles on $X$ of rank $r$ and $c_1=D$. When such bundles exist, we prove that that the corresponding moduli space of stable bundles is smooth and irreducible of dimension $D^2-2r^2+1$ and consists entirely of stable Ulrich bundles (see Theorem 1.1). As a consequence, we are also able to prove the existence of stable Ulrich bundles of any rank on nonsingular cubic threefolds in $\mathbb{P}^4$.

Marta Casanellas

Papers

Stable ulrich bundles

ACM bundles on cubic surfaces

ACM bundles on cubic surfaces

Relevant phylogenetic invariants of evolutionary models

Stable Ulrich bundles