There is provided a pharmaceutical composition suitable for topical administration to an eye which contains a selective COX-2 inhibitory drug or nanoparticles of a drug of low water solubility, in a concentration effective for treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disorder in the eye, and one or more ophthalmically acceptable excipients that reduce rate of removal from the eye such that the composition has an effective residence time of about 2 to about 24 hours. Also provided is a method of treating and/or preventing a disorder in an eye, the method comprising administering to the eye a composition of the invention.

Ophthalmic formulation of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory drug

The present invention provides methods and systems for digitally processing audio signals. Some embodiments receive an audio signal and converting it to a digital signal. The gain of the digital signal may be adjusted a first time, using a digital processing device located between a receiver and a driver circuit. The adjusted signal can be filtered with a first low shelf filter. The systems and methods may compress the filtered signal with a first compressor, process the signal with a graphic equalizer, and compress the processed signal with a second compressor. The gain of the compressed signal can be adjusted a second time. These may be done using the digital processing device. The signal may then be output through an amplifier and driver circuit to drive a personal audio listening device. In some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein may be part of the personal audio listening device.

System and method for digital signal processing

A gas turbine engine fan assembly includes an equal number of rotor blades and stator vanes spaced axially therefrom. An annular duct surrounds the blades and vanes and has an inlet for receiving air and an outlet for discharging at least a portion of the air upon compression by the blades. The fan duct further includes a passive acoustic liner tuned for attenuating at least one harmonic noise tone generated by the blades, with a fundamental blade passing frequency noise tone being actively attenuated by a plurality of anti-noise sound transmitters disposed in the fan duct.

Active low noise fan assembly

An active liner for attenuating noise includes a rigid backplate supporting a piezoelectric panel. A pressure transducer is disposed in the panel for sensing acoustic pressure of noise being propagated against a face surface of the panel. A controller includes a predetermined schedule of acoustic impedance for controlling a displacement driver joined to the panel to effect a displacement velocity of the panel face surface for obtaining a predetermined acoustic impedance at the sensed acoustic pressure for attenuating noise.

Active acoustic liner

An Active Structural Control (ASC) system (10) and method which includes a plurality of Active Vibration Absorbers (AVAs) (40) attached to a yoke (32) included within a pylon structure (28) preferably comprising a spar (38) and a yoke (32) which is located intermediate between an aircraft fuselage (20) and an aircraft engine (18) for controlling acoustic noise and/or vibration generated within the aircraft's cabin (44) due to unbalances in the aircraft engine (18). The ASC system (10) includes a plurality of error sensors (42 or 63) for providing error signals, and at least one reference sensor (49 or 50) for providing reference signals indicative of the N1 and/or N2 engine rotations and/or vibrations, and a preferably digital electronic controller (46) for processing the error and reference signal information to provide output signals to dynamically vibrate the plurality of AVAs (40) attached to the yoke (32). The AVAs (40) preferably act in a radial, tangential, or fore and aft directions and may be located at the terminalend and/or at the base portion of the yoke (32). Further, the AVAs (40) may be Single Degree Of Freedom (SDOF) or Multiple Degree Of Freedom (MDOF) and may be tuned to have a passive resonance which substantially coincides with the N1 and/or N2 engine rotation and/or vibrations. In another aspect, reference signal processing is described which includes a modulo counter, a lookup table, and a digital IO device.

ACTIVE STRUCTURAL CONTROL SYSTEM AND METHOD INCLUDING ACTIVE VIBRATION ABSORBERS (AVAs)

An active noise control system using a compact sound source is effective to reduce aircraft engine duct noise. The fan noise from a turbofan engine is controlled using an adaptive filtered-x algorithm. Single, multi channel control systems are used to control the fan blade passage frequency (BPF) tone and the BPF tone and the first harmonic of the BPF tone for a plane wave excitation. The multi channel control system is used to control fan tones and a high pressure compressor BPF tone simultaneously, and any spinning mode. A compact sound source is employed to generate the control field. This compact sound source consists of an array of identical thin, cylindrically curved panels (125) with an inner radius of curvature corresponding to that of the engine inlet. These panels are flush mounted inside the inlet duct (Inlet Wall) and sealed on all edges to prevent leakage around the panel.

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Active control of aircraft engine inlet noise using compact sound sources and distributed error sensors

Unlike the lower formant frequencies, the fourth formant frequency (F4) is rarely an important acoustic correlate of speech. This study shows evidence of a depression in F4 for some tokens of the American English flap. F4 may be lowered during American English /r/ (Espy‐Wilson et al., 2000) and during retroflex sounds of some languages (e.g., Pima, as found by Avelino and Kim, 2002), but other cues are likely to be more prominent for such sounds. The current project uses a corpus of acoustic measurements of flapped English /t, d/ (e.g., pretty, order) and shows an inconsistent but large drop in F4 at the flap consonant. This occurs predominantly near an /r/, but the F4 drop is timed to the flap, not the /r/. In some tokens, this F4 drop occurs even if the flap is reduced to an approximant, leaving few other acoustic cues to its presence. The F4 drop likely reflects a sublingual cavity resonance caused by an interaction of the tongue positions for /r/ and for a flap. This study presents results on the distribution, frequency of occurrence, and magnitude of the F4 drop. Future research will investigate the perceptual role of the F4 drop.

Mary E. Dungan

Papers

Active control of aircraft engine inlet noise using compact sound sources and distributed error sensors

Fourth formant dip as a correlate of American English flaps