https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/downloads/Isolation2007.pdf

2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings.

The above-ground parts of plants are normally colonized by a variety of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. While a few microbial species can be isolated from within plant tissues, many more are recovered from the surfaces of healthy plants. The aerial habitat colonized by these microbes is termed the

Microbiology of the Phyllosphere

Summary: Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs), endovascular infections, pneumonia, septic arthritis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, foreign-body infections, and sepsis. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were once confined largely to hospitals, other health care environments, and patients frequenting these facilities. Since the mid-1990s, however, there has been an explosion in the number of MRSA infections reported in populations lacking risk factors for exposure to the health care system. This increase in the incidence of MRSA infection has been associated with the recognition of new MRSA clones known as community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). CA-MRSA strains differ from the older, health care-associated MRSA strains; they infect a different group of patients, they cause different clinical syndromes, they differ in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, they spread rapidly among healthy people in the community, and they frequently cause infections in health care environments as well. This review details what is known about the epidemiology of CA-MRSA strains and the clinical spectrum of infectious syndromes associated with them that ranges from a commensal state to severe, overwhelming infection. It also addresses the therapy of these infections and strategies for their prevention.

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic.

Infectious diseases have for centuries ranked with wars and famine as major challenges to human progress and survival. They remain among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Against a constant background of established infections, epidemics of new and old infectious diseases periodically emerge, greatly magnifying the global burden of infections. Studies of these emerging infections reveal the evolutionary properties of pathogenic microorganisms and the dynamic relationships between microorganisms, their hosts and the environment.

The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases

https://muhammad1988adeel.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/tenover1.pdf

Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria

Background During the 2002 West Nile virus epidemic in the United States, patients were identified whose West Nile virus illness was temporally associated with the receipt of transfused blood and blood components. Methods Patients with laboratory evidence of recent West Nile virus infection within four weeks after receipt of a blood component from a donor with viremia were considered to have a confirmed transfusion-related infection. We interviewed the donors of these components, asking them whether they had had symptoms compatible with the presence of a viral illness before or after their donation; blood specimens retained from the time of donation and collected at follow-up were tested for West Nile virus. Results Twenty-three patients were confirmed to have acquired West Nile virus through transfused leukoreduced and nonleukoreduced red cells, platelets, or fresh-frozen plasma. Of the 23 recipients, 10 (43 percent) were immunocompromised owing to transplantation or cancer and 8 (35 percent) were at lea...

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa030969

Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002.

Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Vancomycin—United States, 2002

Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Vancomycin-United States

Laboratory-based surveillance of salmonella isolates serotyped at four state health departments (Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin) led to the identification of multistate outbreaks of salmonella infections during 1990 (176 cases of S. javiana) and 1993 (100 cases of S. montevideo). Community-based case-control studies and product traceback implicated consumption of tomatoes from a single South Carolina tomato packer (Packer A) MOR 16.0; 95% CI2.1, 120.6; P < 0.0001 in 1990 and again in 1993 (MOR 5.7; 95 % CI 1.5, 21.9; P = 0.01) as the likely vehicle. Contamination likely occurred at the packing shed, where field grown tomatoes were dumped into a common water bath. These outbreaks represent part of a growing trend of large geographically dispersed outbreaks caused by sporadic or low-level contamination of widely distributed food items. Controlling contamination of agricultural commodities that are also ready-to-eat foods, particularly fruits and vegetables, presents a major challenge to industry, regulators and public health officials.

/pdf/outbreaks-of-salmonellosis-associated-with-eating-uncooked-3qodrcotq0.pdf

Outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with eating uncooked tomatoes : implications for public health

CDC and the Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH) continue to investigate West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in a woman, who received a blood product later found with evidence of WNV, and in her child, who was exposed to breast milk later found to be WNV positive by TaqMan. This report updates the findings of this investigation.

Mary Grace Stobierski

Papers

Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002.

Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Vancomycin—United States, 2002

Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Vancomycin-United States

Outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with eating uncooked tomatoes : implications for public health

Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding - Michigan, 2002