Capitalism and Freedom

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Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What To Do About It

Natural disasters do not affect people equally. In fact, a vulnerability approach to disasters would suggest that inequalities in exposure and sensitivity to risk as well as inequalities in access to resources, capabilities, and opportunities systematically disadvantage certain groups of people, rendering them more vulnerable to the impact of natural disasters. In this article we address the specific vulnerability of girls and women with respect to mortality from natural disasters and their aftermath. Biological and physiological differences between the sexes are unlikely to explain large-scale gender differences in mortality rates. Social norms and role behaviors provide some further explanation, but what is likely to matter most is the everyday socioeconomic status of women. In a sample of up to 141 countries over the period 1981 to 2002 we analyze the effect of disaster strength and its interaction with the socioeconomic status of women on the change in the gender gap in life expectancy. We fi...

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The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002

Abstract Natural disasters do not affect people equally. In fact, a vulnerability approach to disasters would suggest that inequalities in exposure and sensitivity to risk as well as inequalities in access to resources, capabilities, and opportunities systematically disadvantage certain groups of people, rendering them more vulnerable to the impact of natural disasters. In this article we address the specific vulnerability of girls and women with respect to mortality from natural disasters and their aftermath. Biological and physiological differences between the sexes are unlikely to explain large-scale gender differences in mortality rates. Social norms and role behaviors provide some further explanation, but what is likely to matter most is the everyday socioeconomic status of women. In a sample of up to 141 countries over the period 1981 to 2002 we analyze the effect of disaster strength and its interaction with the socioeconomic status of women on the change in the gender gap in life expectancy. We find, first, that natural disasters lower the life expectancy of women more than that of men. In other words, natural disasters (and their subsequent impact) on average kill more women than men or kill women at an earlier age than men. Since female life expectancy is generally higher than that of males, for most countries natural disasters narrow the gender gap in life expectancy. Second, the stronger the disaster (as approximated by the number of people killed relative to population size), the stronger this effect on the gender gap in life expectancy. That is, major calamities lead to more severe impacts on female life expectancy (relative to that of males) than do smaller disasters. Third, the higher women's socioeconomic status, the weaker is this effect on the gender gap in life expectancy. Taken together our results show that it is the socially constructed gender-specific vulnerability of females built into everyday socioeconomic patterns that lead to the relatively higher female disaster mortality rates compared to men.

http://www.gdnonline.org/resources/SSRN_Neumayer_Plumper_GenderedNature_NaturalDisasters.pdf

The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic

This article provides an empirical synthesis of the existing literature on the effectiveness of restorative justice practices using meta-analytic techniques. The data were aggregated from studies that compared restorative justice programs to traditional nonrestorative approaches to criminal behavior. Victim and offender satisfaction, restitution compliance, and recidivism were selected as appropriate outcomes to adequately measure effectiveness. Although restorative programs were found to be significantly more effective, these positive findings are tempered by an important self-selection bias inherent in restorative justice research. A possible method of addressing this problem, as well as directions for future research, are provided.

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The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices: A Meta-Analysis:

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Feminism and Legal Method: The Difference it Makes

Le volume intitule The First Women Lawyers: A Comparative Study of Gender, Law and the Legal Professions ouvre de nouvelles perspectives sur l'histoire des premieres femmes admises a pratiquer le droit aux E tats-Unis, au Canada, en Grande-Bretagne, en Nouvelle-Zelande, en Australie, en Inde et en Europe de l'Ouest (l'Italie, la Belgique et la France). L'auteure Mary Jane Mossman trace un lien entre l'exclusion historique des femmes de la profession juridique et l'exclusion actuelle qui fait en sorte que les femmes restent encore souvent marginales et se heurtent aux plafonds de verre, aux portes d'acier et aux bebes dinosaures. Dans une certaine mesure, les femmes sont devenues des juristes sans contester la nature profondement masculine de la profession. Devenir avocate signifiait et signifie toujours, dans une certaine mesure, devenir comme des hommes parce que la culture masculine est si fermement enracinee dans la profession. The First Women Lawyers: A Comparative Study of Gender, Law and the Legal Professions provides an insightful examination of some of the first women to practise law in the United States, Canada, Britain, New Zealand, Australia, India, and Western Europe (Italy, Belgium, and France). Mary Jane Mossman links the historical exclusion of women from the legal profession to present-day exclusion where women often remain as fringe dwellers, encountering glass ceilings, steel doors, and baby dinosaurs. To some extent, women became lawyers without challenging the profoundly gendered nature of the profession. Becoming a lawyer meant, and to some extent still means, becoming like men because the male culture is so entrenched in the profession.

The First Women Lawyers: A Comparative Study of Gender, Law and the Legal Professions

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Mary Jane Mossman

Papers

Feminism and Legal Method: The Difference it Makes

The First Women Lawyers: A Comparative Study of Gender, Law and the Legal Professions

Re-Thinking Access to Criminal Justice in Canada: A Critical Review of Needs and Responses

Re-Thinking the Feminization of Poverty

Re-Thinking Access to Criminal Justice in Canada