How has Japan become a major economic power, a world leader in the automotive and electronics industries? What is the secret of their success? The consensus has been that, though the Japanese are not particularly innovative, they are exceptionally skilful at imitation, at improving products that already exist. But now two leading Japanese business experts, Ikujiro Nonaka and Hiro Takeuchi, turn this conventional wisdom on its head: Japanese firms are successful, they contend, precisely because they are innovative, because they create new knowledge and use it to produce successful products and technologies. Examining case studies drawn from such firms as Honda, Canon, Matsushita, NEC, 3M, GE, and the U.S. Marines, this book reveals how Japanese companies translate tacit to explicit knowledge and use it to produce new processes, products, and services.

The knowledge-creating company : how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation

This paper surveys the existing fragmentary data on the growth of university-owned patents and university-invented patents in Europe. We find evidence that university patenting is growing, but this phenomenon remains heterogeneous across countries and disciplines. We found some evidence that university licensing is not profitable for most universities, although some do succeed in attracting substantial additional revenues. This might be due to the fact that patents and publications tend to go hand in hand. In a dynamic setting however, we fear that the increase in university patenting exacerbates differences across universities in terms of financial resources and research outcome.

University Patenting and its Effects on Academic Research: the Emerging European Evidence

In the last several years, business leaders, policymakers, and inventors have complained to the media and to Congress that today’s patent system stifles innovation instead of fostering it. But like the infamous patent on the peanut butter and jelly sandwich, much of the cited evidence about the patent system is pure anecdote--making realistic policy formation difficult. Is the patent system fundamentally broken, or can it be fixed with a few modest reforms? Moving beyond rhetoric, Patent Failure provides the first authoritative and comprehensive look at the economic performance of patents in forty years. James Bessen and Michael Meurer ask whether patents work well as property rights, and, if not, what institutional and legal reforms are necessary to make the patent system more effective. Patent Failure presents a wide range of empirical evidence from history, law, and economics. The book’s findings are stark and conclusive. While patents do provide incentives to invest in research, development, and commercialization, for most businesses today, patents fail to provide predictable property rights. Instead, they produce costly disputes and excessive litigation that outweigh positive incentives. Only in some sectors, such as the pharmaceutical industry, do patents act as advertised, with their benefits outweighing the related costs. By showing how the patent system has fallen short in providing predictable legal boundaries, Patent Failure serves as a call for change in institutions and laws. There are no simple solutions, but Bessen and Meurer’s reform proposals need to be heard. The health and competitiveness of the nation’s economy depend on it.

Introduction to Patent Failure: How Judges, Bureaucrats, and Lawyers Put Innovators at Risk

Job Attitudes: Review of Research and Opinion.

http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:833085/FULLTEXT01

Towards innovation measurement in the software industry

In spite of increased attention and resulting vibrancy within the field of innovation, earlier research has not yielded a widely accepted consensus regarding how to define innovation. Without a good working definition, we still lack good measures of innovation. One of the greatest obstacles in understanding innovation has been the lack of a meaningful measure. The present study is carried out to find a generic definition of innovation in Information Technology organisations. We also did a comparative study between innovative and less innovative organisations with respect to the way these organisations define innovation. Results showed that there are differences between these two groups of organisations with respect to the way these organisations define innovation. Finally, the implications of findings on these organisations are discussed.

Definition of innovation revisited: an empirical study on indian information technology industry

Dynamics between patent latent variables and patent price

The study primarily verifies whether ORP differs in stages of entrepreneurship and aims at identifying factors that influence ORP in different stages of entrepreneurship. The stages of entrepreneurship include pre-stage (individuals planning to start ventures), early-stage (entrepreneurs with ventures less than 3 years old) and late-stage (entrepreneurs with ventures more than 3 years in existence). The factors that were studied include personal factors (cognitive style, self-efficacy and motivation) and interpersonal factors (bridging social capital and bonding social capital). The results indicate the influence of different factors in different stages of entrepreneurship.

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Potential for opportunity recognition along the stages of entrepreneurship

Occupational commitment is referred to as the psychological link between an individual and his occupation that is based on an affective reaction to that occupation. Thus a person with higher occupa...

Differences in Occupational Commitment amongst Scientists in Indian Defence, Academic, and Commercial R&D Organizations

The purpose of this study is to examine the innovative practices adopted by Indian and foreign high-tech firms operating in India as well as Indian human resource management (HRM) managers' perceptions of ‘ideal’ staffing practices. The research question was examined using quantitative and qualitative methods. First, three case studies were conducted to explore the different types of innovative HR practices prevalent among technologically intensive MNCs operating in India. Second, an online survey of 66 Indian HRM managers was conducted to find out how they viewed the term ‘innovation’ in the context of HRM practices. The results revealed differences between foreign firms' perceptions of innovations in HRM (HRMI) and their Indian counterparts. There is a greater emphasis on parent subsidiary alignments in foreign MNCs, something that Indian MNCs are less concerned with. For now, the Indian MNCs are clearly focused on managing performance from within, and have put in place innovative culture-building pract...

Mary Mathew

Papers

Definition of innovation revisited: an empirical study on indian information technology industry

Dynamics between patent latent variables and patent price

Potential for opportunity recognition along the stages of entrepreneurship

Differences in Occupational Commitment amongst Scientists in Indian Defence, Academic, and Commercial R&D Organizations

HRM innovations by Indian and foreign MNCs operating in India: a survey of HR professionals