Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains

This study is the first report on the usage of fresh fruiting bodies of Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) as a new green reducer agent incorporated in the mycosynthesis of gold nanoparticles. The mycosynthesized AuNP was characterized for its physical and chemical properties using optical observation, UV–vis spectrometer, FESEM, AFM, DLS, XRD, Zeta Potential, and FTIR analyses. The optimized AuNPs were then tested for its efficacy in the decolorization of Methylene Blue (MB). The purple color of AuNPs indicates that the solution contains a mixture of triangular, spherical, and irregular shapes with an average of size 74.32 nm. The pattern of XRD clearly showed that the formed AuNPs were crystalline while DLS and Zeta Potential data showed that mycosynthesized AuNPs exhibited good stability and aggregation properties in colloidal form. FTIR showed the attachments of polysaccharides, amino acids and phenol as reducer agents on AuNPs. The efficacy test exhibited that the degradation of MB increased with the increase of the incubation time in presence of AuNPs. The proof-of-concept that mycosynthesized AuNPs by fungal natural organic materials of Flammulina velutipes can act as catalysts in reducing the MB dye is proven by the best decolorization of MB at 75.35 % after 4 h soak.

Mycosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using the extract of Flammulina velutipes, Physalacriaceae, and their efficacy for decolorization of methylene blue

Abstract This review distinguishes myco-nanotechnology using metallic nanoparticles (meta-NPs) synthesized from edible mushroom matter. Green chemistry approaches were attempted to myco-synthesize meta-NPs (viz., Ag-NP, Au-NP, Se-NP, CdS-NP, Fe-NP, Pa-NP, and ZnS-NP) via different routes using edible mushrooms and have been tested toward 79% biomedical and 21% industrial applications. Biomaterials were used as biofactors to form metallic NPs. In mushroom science, mycomaterials of mushrooms were used at different percentages to mycosynthesize in an ecofriendly/green way; mycomaterials such as crude extracts of basidocarp (53%), mycelial extract or free cell filtrate (28%), in crude form or in purified form such as polysaccharides at different percentages; 9% (especially glucan), proteins/enzymes (7%) and polysaccharides protein complex (3%) as new research lines. Generally, in this field of mushroom nanoparticles about 84% of mycosynthesized NPs using mushrooms are placed outside the fungal cell (extracellular) and 16% are intracellular in the mushroom hyphae. The knowledge of the performance and influence of meta-NPs in edible mushrooms has developed in the last 10 years. Generally, while Agaricus bisporus was the first to be used in agricultural production Pleurotus spp. has the highest use (38%) in the formation of mushroom NPs. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been biosynthesized more often in the fungi kingdom; also, Ag-NPs made up the largest part (64%) in the formation of nanoparticles in mushroom science. Mushroom meta-NPs usually have a spherical shape with sizes from 0.4 nm up to ≤300 nm but most of them are <75 nm. A few recent applications have affected the inhibition of the growth of human pathogenic bacteria by mushroom Ag-NPs in combination with antibiotics. Myco-synthesized meta-NPs using mushrooms, especially Ag-NPs, Au-NPs and Se-NPs, are potent against various cancer cell lines. Thus, these NPs can be used in numerous pharmaceutical drugs. Also, the transport of pharmaceutical drugs and biomaterials using NPs of edible mushrooms is considered a very undervalued and new application in the drug and gene fields. Mushroom meta-NPs were investigated for industrial applications such as inorganic NPs, carbon nanotubes and the treatment of waste as nano-biosorbents for the adsorption of toxic metals for cleaning the environment using eco-friendly natural materials for reducing the pollution of the environment in the future.

Mycosynthesis of nanoparticles using edible and medicinal mushrooms

Abstract The present study focuses on the biogenic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract under microwave irradiation. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of the synthesis parameters, namely amounts of the leaf extract (0.5–2.5 ml) and amounts of the 10 mm sodium selenite solutions (15–65 ml), at constant microwave heating (4 min), on the concentration and particle size of the fabricated Se NPs, optimize the synthesis conditions and verify the generated models and the procedures. The obtained results indicated that Se NPs with preferable attributes of mean particle size (50 nm), zeta potential (−24.6 mV), absorbance [34.6% absorbance units (a.u.)] and broad absorption peak (319 nm) were formed at the optimum synthesis conditions including amounts of 1.48 ml and 15 ml Pelargonium leaf extract and sodium selenite solution, respectively. The antibacterial activities of the synthesized Se NPs against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus indicated that the created NPs had higher antibacterial activities toward the Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, the synthesized Se NPs indicated higher antifungal activities against Colletotrichum coccodes and Penicillium digitatum.

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Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract

Abstract Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were green synthesized using walnut leaf extract. Effects of three synthesis parameters namely; amount copper salt (1-4 g), amount of walnut leaf extract (10-40 mL) and furnace temperature (300-500°C), on the particle size as manifested in broad absorption peak (λmax, nm), concentration (absorbance), antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fabricated CuO NPs were studied using response surface methodology, based on Box behnken experimental design. The spherical and crystalline monodispersed fabricated CuO NPs with mean particle size of 80 nm, were achieved using optimum synthesis parameters including 1 g copper salt, 14 mL walnut leaf extract and 490°C of furnace temperature. The fabricated CuO NPs at these conditions had maximum antioxidant activity of 83.64% and minimum MIC value of 1.78% w/v against E. coli, with λmax and absorbance values of 226 nm, 4.44% a.u., respectively.

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Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia leaf extract and assessment of their physico-chemical and biological properties

Abstract Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus extract as both reducing and stabilizing agents via microwave irradiation method. The effects of the microwave exposure time and the amount of HAuCl4 solution (1 mm) on the mean particle size, concentration, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the synthesized AuNP solution were investigated using response surface methodology. Mushroom extract was characterized by Fourier transform infrared. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Well-dispersed and spherical AuNPs with the minimum mean particle size and PDI, and maximum concentration and zeta potential of 33.56±1.8 nm, 0.855±0.02 ppm, 148.88±2.7 ppm, and +17.2 mV, respectively, were obtained using 2.62 ml of HAuCl4 and 0.2 ml of mushroom extract for 55 s. The antibacterial activity of the fabricated AuNPs was assessed against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and was found to be possessing high bactericidal effects.

Optimization of processing parameters in green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using microwave and edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) extract and evaluation of their antibacterial activity

Abstract Microwave enhanced gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized using gum Arabic as both reducing and stabilizing agents. Response surface methodology was applied to study effects of the Au NPs synthesized parameters, namely, microwave exposure time (90–180 s) and the amount of AgNO3 solution (1–10 mL) on the mean particle size, mixture solution color and concentration of the synthesized Au NPs. The colloidal solution containing well-dispersed and spherical fabricated Au NPs with mean particle size (22 nm) and maximum concentration (159 ppm) and color (1.12 absorbance unit, a.u.), were obtained at the optimal synthesis conditions, using 8.17 mL of HAuCl4 (1 mM) and 2 mL of gum Arabic solution (4% w/v) during microwave exposure time of 180 s. The physico-chemical properties of the synthesized Au NPs at obtained optimum synthesis conditions were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy.

Maryam Eskandari-Nojehdehi

Papers

Optimization of processing parameters in green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using microwave and edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) extract and evaluation of their antibacterial activity

Microwave Accelerated Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Gum Arabic and their Physico-Chemical Properties Assessments