https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj1965/72/1/72_1_43/_pdf

Numerical simulations of convective snow clouds over the sea of Japan; two-dimensional simulations of mixed layer development and convective snow cloud formation

Airborne Doppler radar data collected during the Hurricane Rainband and Intensity Change Experiment (RAINEX) document downdrafts in the principal rainband of Hurricane Katrina (2005). Inner-edge downdrafts (IEDs) originating at 6–8-km altitude created a sharp reflectivity gradient along the inner boundary of the rainband. Low-level downdrafts (LLDs) evidently driven by precipitation drag originated at 2–4 km within the heavy rain cells of each convective element. The IED and LLD were spatially separated by but closely associated with the updrafts within the rainband. The IED was forced aloft by pressure perturbations formed in response to the adjacent buoyant updrafts. Once descending, the air attained negative buoyancy via evaporative cooling from the rainband precipitation. A convective-scale tangential wind maximum tended to occur in the radial inflow at lower levels in association with the IED, which enhanced the inward flux of angular momentum at lower levels. Convergence at the base of the ...

Convective-Scale Downdrafts in the Principal Rainband of Hurricane Katrina (2005)

A Study of Radar Echoes and their Relation to Lightning Discharges of Thunderclouds in the Hokuriku District

This paper is the third of a series that focuses on the applications of the ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) technique and the GBVTD-simplex center finding algorithm developed in the previous two papers to a real tropical cyclone (TC). The evolution and structure of Typhoon Alex (1987), including full tangential winds, mean radial winds, one component of the mean flow, and their derived axisymmetric angular momentum and perturbation pressure fields are reconstructed from 16 volume scans (6.5 h of data with a 2-h gap) from the Civil Aeronautic Administration (CAA) Doppler radar while Typhoon Alex moved across the mountainous area in northern Taiwan. This analysis retrieves a plausible and physically consistent three-dimensional primary circulation of a landfalling TC using a single ground-based Doppler radar. Highly asymmetric wind structures were resolved by the GBVTD technique where the maximum relative tangential wind at z = 2 km evolved from 52 m s−1 (before landfall), to less than ...

Tropical Cyclone Kinematic Structure Retrieved from Single-Doppler Radar Observations. Part III: Evolution and Structures of Typhoon Alex (1987)

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj1965/69/6/69_6_641/_pdf

Numerical Modeling of the Convective Snow Cloud over the Sea of Japan

Structure of a Typhoon Rainband Observed by Two Doppler Radars

During the Baiu Front Heavy Rainfall Experiment in 1988, a mesoscale rainband was generated along the Baiu front and heavy rainfall up to 178 mm occurred. Based mainly on dual Doppler radar observations, we have analyzed the three-dimensional configuration of radar echo and the circulation in the rainband and will describe its structure, focusing on its kinematical features and on the maintained for 7 hours in an environment in which the low-level horizontal temperature gradient was not intense and the thermodynamic instability was between that of the tropics and the midlatitudes. The rainband was 170 km long and consisted of a convective region and a trailing stratiform region. The orientation of the rainband was from the northwest to the southeast, being nearly parallel to the vertical wind shear between middle levels and lower levels. While existing convective-cells in the convective region moved along the rainband, new convective cells were successibely fromed at its southwestern edge where the low-level environmental wind entered the rainband. There were found several specific flows in the rainbandd: 1) a convective-scale updraft located at the front part of the rainband, 2) a convective-scale downdraft at the heaviest rainfall region, 3) a middle-level rear inflow with dry air from a reflectivity notch, 4) a mesoscale downdraft extending from the rear inflow, and 5) forward and backward divergent flows at the lowest level below the convective-scale downdraft. The lowest divergence flows produced a cold pool that was ∼4°C colder than the environment, and a gust front was formed between the cold pool and the moist, warm southwesterly flow ahead of the rainband. The synoptic-scale dry layer in middle levels behind the rainband had an important role in driving the rainband, as well as the moist warm air at the lowest level ahead of the rainband. Upper sounding data showed that a negative temperature deviation, which was made by evaporative cooling of precipitation particles,existed in the convective-scale downdraft and the mesoscale downdraft. The dry layer associated with the rear inflow reached the lowest level of the convective region. These thermodynamic features are consitent with the kinematical structure deduced from the Doppler radar analysis. The rainband was generated in a midlatidude frontal zone, but in the lower troposphere the difference of thermodynamic conditions between ahead of and behind the rainband was very small, as in the tropics. The rainband could be called a self-maintaining convective system as well as tropical or midlatitude squall lines, rather than mesoscale systems as observed along the polar fronts of Western Europe or the Pacific coast of North America

1988年の梅雨前線に沿って発生したメソスケール降雨帯の2台のドップラーレーダーによる解析;1988年の梅雨前線に沿って発生したメソスケール降雨帯の2台のドップラーレーダーによる解析;Dual Doppler Radar Analysis of an Intense Mesoscale Rainband Generated along the Baiu Front in 1988

Masahito Ishihara

Papers

Structure of a Typhoon Rainband Observed by Two Doppler Radars

Doppler Radar Analysis of the Structure of Mesoscale Snow Bands Developed between the Winter Monsoon and the Land Breeze

Squall Line Like Convective Snowbands over the Sea of Japan

A General View of the Structure of Typhoon 8514 Observed by Dual-Doppler Radar From Outer Rainbands to Eyewall Clouds