A process for producing ethanol including a combination of biochemical and synthetic conversions results in high yield ethanol production with concurrent production of high value coproducts. An acetic acid intermediate is produced from carbohydrates, such as corn, using enzymatic milling and fermentation steps, followed by conversion of the acetic acid into ethanol using esterification and hydrogenation reactions. Coproducts can include corn oil, and high protein animal feed containing the biomass produced in the fermentation.

Process for producing ethanol

A safe, reliable SCR system for reducing NOx emissions from a lean-burn internal combustion engine utilizes urea in aqueous solution. A modular assembly is provided for mounting inside an urea reagent tank (30) which enables controlled feeding of an aqueous urea solution to an injector. The assembly includes a reagent quality sensor (152), a reagent temperature sensor (143), a reagent level sensor (154) and a pump (137).

Reducing NOx emissions from an engine by temperature-controlled urea injection for selective catalytic reduction

A process for producing ethanol by the conversion of carbohydrates from a corn dry milling process in which the bottoms fraction from distillation of ethanol in a conventional yeast fermentation is used in a process including a combination of biochemical and synthetic conversions. The process results in high yield ethanol production with concurrent production of high value coproducts. An acetic acid intermediate is produced from bottoms fraction, followed by conversion of the acetic acid into ethanol using esterification and hydrogenation reactions. Coproducts of the process include a high protein content solids fraction produced in the fermentation.

Process for producing ethanol from corn dry milling

Disclosed is a molten carbonate fuel cell comprising an electrolyte body sandwiched between a pair of electrodes, outflow of an electrolyte from the electrolyte body being diminished to suppress an increase of the internal resistance and occurrence of a gas crossover, which accompany the outflow of the electrolyte, so as to increase the life time of the fuel cell. The molten carbonate fuel cell of the present invention comprises a pair of conductive electrodes, an electrolyte body sandwiched between the pair of electrodes and including a porous body containing a retaining material and a reinforcing material and an electrolyte impregnated in the porous body and containing an alkali carbonate mixture, the retaining material containing fine particles having an average particle diameter of 0.2 to 0.6 μm and the reinforcing material containing short fibers having a diameter of 0.5 to 5 μm and a length of at most 50 μm, fuel gas supplying means for supplying a fuel gas to one of the pair of electrodes, and oxidant gas supplying means for supplying an oxidant gas to the other of the pair of electrodes.

Molten carbonate fuel cell

The invention relates to processes that efficiently convert carbon-containing materials, such as biomass, into products in such a manner that the energy, carbon, and mass content of the materials are efficiently transferred into such products. Such methods include converting the materials into at least one intermediate by a biological conversion process and at least one intermediate by a thermochemical conversion process and reacting the intermediates to form the product. Such methods have a chemical energy efficiency to produce the product that is greater than the chemical energy efficiency of a solely biological conversion process to produce the product and that is greater than the chemical energy efficiency of a process in which all of the material is initially subjected to a thermochemical conversion step as part of the process to produce the product.

Energy efficient methods to procuce products

A catalyst compositions for reducing nitrogen oxide comprising, as its chief ingredient, an intimate mixture of A. titanium (Ti) as component A, with B. at least one metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), iron (Fe), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and uranium (U), as component B, in the form of their oxides, and a process for reducing nitrogen oxides to nitrogen, which comprises contacting a gaseous mixture containing nitrogen oxides and molecular oxygen and a reducing gas with aforesaid catalyst compositions at an elevated temperature.

Catalytic process for reducing nitrogen oxides to nitrogen

Verfahren zur reduktion von stickstoffoxiden zu stickstoff und katalysatormassen hierfuer

An ammonia gas to be determined, and an oxidative gas containing nitrogen oxides in moles more than those of the ammonia are brought into contact with an analytical catalyst capable of forming nitrogen and water from ammonia and nitrogen oxides. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides of the gas before and after the contact with the analytical catalyst are determined, and an ammonia concentration of the gas is determined by converting the difference between the concentrations of nitrogen oxides to the ammonia concentration by calculation.

Method and apparatus for determining ammonia concentration of gas

Nitrogen oxides are removed from flue gas evolving from stationary sources and containing the nitrogen oxides through reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen by passing the flue gas over a catalyst of metal compounds containing oxysulfur compounds in the presence of an ammonia gas

Process for removing nitrogen oxides using ammonia as a reductant and sulfated metallic catalysts

A molten carbonate fuel cell using molten carbonate as an electrolyte, carbonate ions as electric conductor, and feeding a hydrogen-enriched gas to the anode and a mixture of air and carbon dioxide gas to the cathode has its output fall by degrees with operation. It is surmised that one of the causes of this problem is ascribable to the fact that the molten carbonate electrolyte moves during operation to destroy equilibrium in the boundary between the electrolyte and electrodes. After studies for measures against the problem, the inventor found that the output of a fuel cell which has fallen can be improved by shutting off part or all of the raaction gases or reducing their feed for a while, and then restoring. The purpose of the present invention is to offer a high-performance stable-output molten carbonate fuel cell and its operation control method, incorporating the above findings in its operation control system.

Masato Takeuchi

Papers

Catalytic process for reducing nitrogen oxides to nitrogen

Verfahren zur reduktion von stickstoffoxiden zu stickstoff und katalysatormassen hierfuer

Method and apparatus for determining ammonia concentration of gas

Process for removing nitrogen oxides using ammonia as a reductant and sulfated metallic catalysts

Molten carbonate fuel cell, and its operation control method