P.A. IJI and D.R. TIVEYDepartment of Animal Science, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus,Glen Osmond 5064, AustraliaThis review presents findings on the influence of natural raffinose seriesoligosaccharides and .synthetic (industrial) products on the productivity ofbroiler chicken. There is evidence of negative effects on animal health andproductivity from the use of raffinose series 01igosaccharides, but beneficialeffects from synthetic oligosaccharides. Part of this contradiction may be due todifferences in the chemical nature of the supplements, the level of supple-mentation or the duration of feeding. The future for synthetic oligosaccharidesis bright, but further adoption of natural sources requires a greater under-standing of their chemistry to facilitate the production of beneficial com-pounds and the elimination of detrimental fractions. Most current literaturefavours the inclusion of various oligosaccharides in the diet. The cost ofproduction could be minimised by the use of natural ingredients which containoligosaccharides, or by cheap syntlietic products, sources of which arehighlighted in this review.Keywords: Broiler chicken; growth; health; non-starch polysaccharides; oligo-saccharides; raffinose

Natural and synthetic oligosaccharides in broiler chicken diets

As the leading cereal crop in the world, corn (Zea mays L.) plays a significant role in human foods. The focus of this review is on the structures, properties, bioavailability, and health benefits of macronutrients in corn, including its starch, nonstarch polysaccharides, protein, and lipids. With a large number of naturally existent mutants, corn and corn-based food ingredients with varying macronutrient compositions and different chemical structures and physical properties are commercially available. The corn varieties that have attracted the most interest in human nutrition include high-amylose, high-protein, and high-oil corn. Chemical compositions and molecular structures of starch, nonstarch polysaccharides, protein, and lipids from different corn varieties are comprehensively reviewed here and related to their physical properties, bioavailability, and physiological effects on human health. Particular emphasis is placed upon the impacts of high-amylose corn flour/starch on postprandial glycemic/insulinemic responses, insulin sensitivity, satiety/appetite, lipid metabolism/obesity, colon health, and mineral absorption. The information presented in this article will be useful for the utilization of corn and the development of corn-based food ingredients to prepare nutritious food products to improve human health.

Macronutrients in Corn and Human Nutrition.

The effect of oral administration of partially hydrolyzed water-soluble corn husk arabinoxylan (CHAX), the average molecular weight of which is about 53 kDa, on immunopotentiating activity was investigated in mice. Oral administration of CHAX to healthy mice significantly augmented the production of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ with a slight increase in IL-4 in mitogen-induced proliferation of spleen cells. Natural killer (NK) cell activity in spleen cells from mice, which were transplanted tumor and administrated CHAX, was augmented about 2-fold. In model mice of atopic dermatitis, the average ear thickness of mice administrated CHAX was induced by dinitrophenyl-fluorobenzene (DNFB) after injection of an anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-IgE monoclonal antibody was much smaller than that in control animals. These results suggest that CHAX has the ability to increase the level of immunopotentiating activity without causing over response of immunological reaction even if it is administrated orally to mice.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1271/bbb.69.19

Immunological Effects of Partially Hydrolyzed Arabinoxylan from Corn Husk in Mice

Methods for controlling serum glucose level in a mammal comprising ingesting a stabilized rice bran derivative selected from the group consisting of a solubilized fraction, an insolubilized fraction, an enzyme treated stabilized rice bran and mixtures thereof, thereby reducing serum glucose level in said mammal.

Supportive therapy for diabetes, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia

A method for reducing mammalian serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and triglyceride levels, by ingesting a stabilized rice bran derivative selected from the group consisting of an enzyme treated stabilized rice bran, an insolubilized fraction and mixtures thereof, thereby reducing serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and triglyceride levels in said mammal.

Method for treating hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis

PURPOSE: To obtain the titled substance composed mainly of hemicellulose, by extracting hull or shell of cereal or bean with an alkali optionally after removing starch, etc., from the hull, etc. CONSTITUTION: Hull of cereal (e.g. corn husk, rice bran, wheat bran, barely bran, adlay bran, etc.), shell of beam (e.g. soybean, adzuki bean, pea, etc.) or a residue obtained by removing starch, protein, fat, inorganic material, etc., from the above husk or shell is extracted with an alkali to obtain a substance active to suppress hyperglycemia and composed mainly of hemicellulose. The removal of starch, etc., from the hull, etc., is carried out by a proper combination of enzymatic treatment (treating with a protease such as α-amylase at 3W9pH and 30W100°C), chemical treatment and physical treatment. The substance is used in the form of extracted liquid, concentrated liquid or dried powder, etc. It can be used as health food or drink and a drug as it is. COPYRIGHT: (C)1987,JPO&Japio

Substance for suppressing hyperglycemia

Development of Corn Dietary Fiber Materials with Physiological Functions

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jag1972/40/1/40_1_21/_pdf

Effect of β-Glucooligosaccharides on the Human Intestinal Microflora

PURPOSE:The titled substance comprising hemicellulose extracted from periderm of grains or beans as a main component. CONSTITUTION:Residue after removal of starch, protein, lipid, inorganic substance, etc., from periderm of grains (e.g., periderm of maize, rice bra, barley bran, adlay bran, oats bran, rye bran, etc.) or periderm of beans (e.g., soybean, adzuki bean, pea, etc.) is extracted with an alkali to give a liver activating substance comprising hemicellulose as a main component. As a method to removing the starch, etc., enzymatic treatment (e.g., treatment with a protease such as alpha-amylase at pH3-9 at 30-100 deg.C) is properly combined with chemical treatment and physical treatment and treatment is carried out. The substance is processed into an extracted solution, concentrated solution or dried powder. Even if the substance is processed into dried powder, the powder is extremely readily soluble in water, preparation is easily carried out and the powder is directly usable as a health food or drink and drug.

Liver function activating substance

Corn dietary fiber (CDF), a new source of dietary fiber, was prepared from corn pericarp by corn wet milling process. It has high dietary fiber content (85 % total dietary fiber) and may be used as fiber supplement in cookies, bread, soup, noodles, and other foods. This substance has significant effects : it shortens gastrointestinal transit time, stimulates bowel movement, and improves cholesterol metabolism. Recently, soluble corn dietary fiber (SCF), mainly?ghemicellulose B?hfraction, was prepared from corn pericarp. It is also high dietary fiber content (70-80 % total dietary fiber) and may be used in many foods. Because consumers are unlikely to eat enough vegetables or other fiberrich foods directly, natural fiber supplements of corn can play a role in achieving health benefits.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jag1972/37/2/37_2_115/_pdf

Masayoshi Sugawara

Papers

Substance for suppressing hyperglycemia

Development of Corn Dietary Fiber Materials with Physiological Functions

Effect of β-Glucooligosaccharides on the Human Intestinal Microflora

Liver function activating substance

Dietary Fiber Materials from Corn