Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

Data Mining - Concepts and Techniques.

Data Mining Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques

What is Twitter

Now days, E-commerce systems have become extremely important. Large numbers of customers are choosing online shopping because of its convenience, reliability, and cost. Client generated information and especially item reviews are significant sources of data for consumers to make informed buy choices and for makers to keep track of customer’s opinions. It is difficult for customers to make purchasing decisions based on only pictures and short product descriptions. On the other hand, mining product reviews has become a hot research topic and prior researches are mostly based on pre-specified product features to analyse the opinions. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques such as NLTK for Python can be applied to raw customer reviews and keywords can be extracted. This paper presents a survey on the techniques used for designing software to mine opinion features in reviews. Elven IEEE papers are selected and a comparison is made between them. These papers are representative of the significant improvements in opinion mining in the past decade.

Mining Opinion Features in Customer Reviews.

Aspect based sentiment analysis consists of aspect and sentiment extraction, and determination of the sentiment's orientation. In this paper, we propose a system to extract the aspect sentiment pair and compute the rating for each grouped aspect. Our approach starts with selecting the subjective sentences in the reviews. Then, it extracts aspects and opinions from the sentences, and determine the orientation of the sentiment. Aspects are clustered together by using WordNet with the prior knowledge of the aspect categories. Finally, it measures the rating for each aspect category. We evaluate our approach by three criteria: precision, recall, and F1-Measure. The subjectivity classification model and extraction model has F1-Measure value of 0.783 and 0.794 respectively.

Aspect based sentiment analysis for review rating prediction

Aspect-based sentiment analysis summarizes what people like and dislike from reviews of products or services. In this paper, we adapt the first rank research at SemEval 2016 to improve the performance of aspect-based sentiment analysis for Indonesian restaurant reviews. We use six steps for aspect-based sentiment analysis i.e.: preprocess the reviews, aspect extraction, aspect categorization, sentiment classification, opinion structure generation, and rating calculation. We collect 992 sentences for experiment and 383 sentences for evaluation. We conduct experiment to find best feature combination for aspect extraction, aspect categorization, and sentiment classification. The aspect extraction, aspect categorization, and sentiment classification have F1-measure value of 0.793, 0.823, and 0.642 respectively.

Aspect-based sentiment analysis for Indonesian restaurant reviews

Aspect Extraction in Customer Reviews Using Syntactic Pattern

In previous studies, researchers have determined the classification of fruit ripeness using the feature descriptor using color features (RGB, GSL, HSV, and L * a * b *). However, the performance from the experimental results obtained still yields results that are less than the maximum, viz the maximal accuracy is only 76%. Today, transfer learning techniques have been applied successfully in many real-world applications. For this reason, researchers propose transfer learning techniques using the VGG16 model. The proposed architecture uses VGG16 without the top layer. The top layer of the VGG16 replaced by adding a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) block. The MLP block contains Flatten layer, a Dense layer, and Regularizes. The output of the MLP block uses the softmax activation function. There are three Regularizes that considered in the MLP block namely Dropout, Batch Normalization, and Regularizes kernels. The Regularizes selected are intended to reduce overfitting. The proposed architecture conducted on a fruit ripeness dataset that was created by researchers. Based on the experimental results found that the performance of the proposed architecture has better performance. Determination of the type of Regularizes is very influential on system performance. The best performance obtained on the MLP block that has Dropout 0.5 with increased accuracy reaching 18.42%. The Batch Normalization and the Regularizes kernels performance increased the accuracy amount of 10.52% and 2.63%, respectively. This study shows that the performance of deep learning using transfer learning always gets better performance than using machine learning with traditional feature extraction to determines fruit ripeness detection. This study gives also declaring that Dropout is the best technique to reduce overfitting in transfer learning.

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Implementation of Transfer Learning Using VGG16 on Fruit Ripeness Detection

In order to improve performance of previous aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) on restaurant reviews in Indonesian language, this paper adapts the research achieving the highest F1 at SemEval 2016. We use feedforward neural network with one-vs-all strategy for aspect category classification (Slot 1), Conditional Random Field (CRF) for opinion target expression extraction (Slot 2), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for sentiment polarity classification (Slot 3). Aside from lexical features we also use additional features learned from neural networks. We train our model on 992 sentences and evaluate them on 382 sentences. Higher performances are achieved for Slot 1 (F1 0.870) and Slot 3 (F1 0.764) but lower on Slot 2 (F1 0.787).

Masayu Leylia Khodra

Papers

Aspect based sentiment analysis for review rating prediction

Aspect-based sentiment analysis for Indonesian restaurant reviews

Aspect Extraction in Customer Reviews Using Syntactic Pattern

Implementation of Transfer Learning Using VGG16 on Fruit Ripeness Detection

Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis Using Convolutional Neural Network and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory