Acknowledgements Introduction PART ONE - BACKGROUND Introduction 1. Second language acquisition research: an overview PART TWO - THE DESCRIPTION OF LEARNER LANGUAGE Introduction 2. Learner errors and error analysis 3. Developmental patterns: order and sequence in second language acquisition 4. Variability in learner language 5. Pragmatic aspects of learner language PART THREE - EXPLAINING SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: EXTERNAL FACTORS Introduction 6. Social factors and second language acquisition 7. Input and interaction and second language acquisition PART FOUR - EXPLAINING SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: INTERNAL FACTORS Introduction 8. Language transfer 9. Cognitive accounts of second language acquisition 10. Linguistic universals and second language acquisition PART FIVE - EXPLAINING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Introduction 11. Individual learner differences 12. Learning strategies PART SIX - CLASSROOM SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Introduction 13. Classroom interaction and second language acquisition 14. Formal instruction and second language acquisition PART SEVEN - CONCLUSION Introduction 15. Data, theory, and applications in second language acquisition research Glossary Bibliography Author index Subject index

第二语言习得研究 = The study of second language acquisition

From the Publisher: New advances in spoken language processing: theory and practice In-depth coverage of speech processing, speech recognition, speech synthesis, spoken language understanding, and speech interface design Many case studies from state-of-the-art systems, including examples from Microsoft’s advanced research labs Spoken Language Processing draws on the latest advances and techniques from multiple fields: computer science, electrical engineering, acoustics, linguistics, mathematics, psychology, and beyond. Starting with the fundamentals, it presents all this and more: Essential background on speech production and perception, probability and information theory, and pattern recognition Extracting information from the speech signal: useful representations and practical compression solutions Modern speech recognition techniques: hidden Markov models, acoustic and language modeling, improving resistance to environmental noises, search algorithms, and large vocabulary speech recognition Text-to-speech: analyzing documents, pitch and duration controls; trainable synthesis, and more Spoken language understanding: dialog management, spoken language applications, and multimodal interfaces To illustrate the book’s methods, the authors present detailed case studies based on state-of-the-art systems, including Microsoft’s Whisper speech recognizer, Whistler text-to-speech system, Dr. Who dialog system, and the MiPad handheld device. Whether you’re planning, designing, building, or purchasing spoken language technology, this is the state of the art—fromalgorithms through business productivity.

Spoken Language Processing

https://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~cs115/CS115_docs/Ravenclaw.pdf

The RavenClaw dialog management framework: Architecture and systems

A speech synthesis system can select recorded speech fragments, or acoustic units, from a very large database of acoustic units to produce artificial speech. The selected acoustic units are chosen to minimize a combination of target and concatenation costs for a given sentence. However, as concatenation costs, which are measures of the mismatch between sequential pairs of acoustic units, are expensive to compute, processing can be greatly reduced by pre-computing and caching the concatenation costs. Unfortunately, the number of possible sequential pairs of acoustic units makes such caching prohibitive. However, statistical experiments reveal that while about 85% of the acoustic units are typically used in common speech, less than 1% of the possible sequential pairs of acoustic units occur in practice. A method for constructing an efficient concatenation cost database is provided by synthesizing a large body of speech, identifying the acoustic unit sequential pairs generated and their respective concatenation costs, and storing those concatenation costs likely to occur. By constructing a concatenation cost database in this fashion, the processing power required at run-time is greatly reduced with negligible effect on speech quality.

Methods and Apparatus for Rapid Acoustic Unit Selection From a Large Speech Corpus

Natural language generation is now moving away from research prototypes into more practical applications Generation functionality is also being asked to play a more significant role in established applications such as machine translation In both cases, multilingual generation techniques have much to offer However, the take-up of multilingual generation is being restricted by a critical lack both of large-scale linguistic resources suited to the generation task and of appropriate development environments This paper describes KPML, a multilingual development environment that offers one possible solution to these problems KPML aims to provide generation projects with standardized, broad-coverage, reusable resources and a basic engine for using such resources for generation A variety of focused debugging aids ensure efficient maintenance, while supporting multilingual work such as contrastive language development and automatic merging of independently developed resources KPML is based on a new, generic approach to multilinguality in resource description that extends significantly beyond previous approaches The system has already been used in a number of large generation projects and is freely available to the generation community

Enabling technology for multilingual natural language generation: the KPML development environment

A general overview of the AdApt project and the research that is performed within the project is presented. In this project various aspects of human-computer interaction in a multimodal conversational dialogue systems are investigated. The project will also include studies on the integration of user/system/dialogue dependent speech recognition and multimodal speech synthesis. A domain in which multimodal interaction is highly useful has been chosen, namely, finding available apartments in Stockholm. A Wizard-of-Oz data collection within this domain is also described.

/pdf/adapt-a-multimodal-conversational-dialogue-system-in-an-3m1to4undu.pdf

AdApt — A Multimodal Conversational Dialogue System in an Apartment Domain

This original volume describes the Spoken Language Translator (SLT), one of the first major automatic speech translation projects. The SLT system can translate between English, French, and Swedish in the domain of air travel planning, using a vocabulary of about 1500 words, and with an accuracy of about 75%. The authors detail the language processing components, largely built on top of the SRI Core Language Engine, using a combination of general grammars and techniques that allow them to be rapidly customized to specific domains. They base speech recognition on Hidden Markov Mode technology, and use versions of the SRI DECIPHER system. This account of SLT is an essential resource for researchers interested in knowing what is achievable in spoken-language translation today.

The Spoken Language Translator

This paper presents the NICE fairy-tale game system, in which adults and children can interact with various animated characters in a 3D world. Computer games is an interesting application for spoken and multimodal dialogue systems. Moreover, for the development of future computer games, multimodal dialogue has the potential to greatly enrichen the user's experience. In this paper, we also present some requirements that have to be fulfilled to successfully integrate spoken dialogue technology with a computer game application

/pdf/the-nice-fairy-tale-game-system-h03k0hwqjr.pdf

The NICE fairy-tale game system

This article describes the collection and analysis of a Swedish database of spontaneous and unconstrained children-machine dialogues. The Swedish NICE corpus consists ofspoken dialogues between chi ...

/pdf/the-swedish-nice-corpus-spoken-dialogues-between-children-4dlmb3aun1.pdf

The Swedish NICE Corpus - Spoken dialogues between children and embodied characters in a computer game scenario

When designing multimodal dialogue systems allowing speech as well as graphical operations, it is important to understand not only how people make use of the different modalities in their utterance ...

/pdf/modality-convergence-in-a-multimodal-dialogue-system-4eoir9tdbd.pdf

Mats Wirén

Papers

AdApt — A Multimodal Conversational Dialogue System in an Apartment Domain

The Spoken Language Translator

The NICE fairy-tale game system

The Swedish NICE Corpus - Spoken dialogues between children and embodied characters in a computer game scenario

Modality Convergence in a Multimodal Dialogue System