2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1797952/1-s2.0-S0140673618322797-main.pdf

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/164632/2/01_Bin%2bSayeed_Global%252C_regional%252C_and_national_2018.pdf

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, andyears lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematicanalysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

WRITING GROUP MEMBERS Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, SCM, FAHA Michael J. Blaha, MD, MPH Stephanie E. Chiuve, ScD Mary Cushman, MD, MSc, FAHA Sandeep R. Das, MD, MPH, FAHA Rajat Deo, MD, MTR Sarah D. de Ferranti, MD, MPH James Floyd, MD, MS Myriam Fornage, PhD, FAHA Cathleen Gillespie, MS Carmen R. Isasi, MD, PhD, FAHA Monik C. Jiménez, ScD, SM Lori Chaffin Jordan, MD, PhD Suzanne E. Judd, PhD Daniel Lackland, DrPH, FAHA Judith H. Lichtman, PhD, MPH, FAHA Lynda Lisabeth, PhD, MPH, FAHA Simin Liu, MD, ScD, FAHA Chris T. Longenecker, MD Rachel H. Mackey, PhD, MPH, FAHA Kunihiro Matsushita, MD, PhD, FAHA Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH, FAHA Michael E. Mussolino, PhD, FAHA Khurram Nasir, MD, MPH, FAHA Robert W. Neumar, MD, PhD, FAHA Latha Palaniappan, MD, MS, FAHA Dilip K. Pandey, MBBS, MS, PhD, FAHA Ravi R. Thiagarajan, MD, MPH Mathew J. Reeves, PhD Matthew Ritchey, PT, DPT, OCS, MPH Carlos J. Rodriguez, MD, MPH, FAHA Gregory A. Roth, MD, MPH Wayne D. Rosamond, PhD, FAHA Comilla Sasson, MD, PhD, FAHA Amytis Towfighi, MD Connie W. Tsao, MD, MPH Melanie B. Turner, MPH Salim S. Virani, MD, PhD, FAHA Jenifer H. Voeks, PhD Joshua Z. Willey, MD, MS John T. Wilkins, MD Jason HY. Wu, MSc, PhD, FAHA Heather M. Alger, PhD Sally S. Wong, PhD, RD, CDN, FAHA Paul Muntner, PhD, MHSc On behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Author(s): Writing Group Members; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Benjamin, Emelia J; Go, Alan S; Arnett, Donna K; Blaha, Michael J; Cushman, Mary; Das, Sandeep R; de Ferranti, Sarah; Despres, Jean-Pierre; Fullerton, Heather J; Howard, Virginia J; Huffman, Mark D; Isasi, Carmen R; Jimenez, Monik C; Judd, Suzanne E; Kissela, Brett M; Lichtman, Judith H; Lisabeth, Lynda D; Liu, Simin; Mackey, Rachel H; Magid, David J; McGuire, Darren K; Mohler, Emile R; Moy, Claudia S; Muntner, Paul; Mussolino, Michael E; Nasir, Khurram; Neumar, Robert W; Nichol, Graham; Palaniappan, Latha; Pandey, Dilip K; Reeves, Mathew J; Rodriguez, Carlos J; Rosamond, Wayne; Sorlie, Paul D; Stein, Joel; Towfighi, Amytis; Turan, Tanya N; Virani, Salim S; Woo, Daniel; Yeh, Robert W; Turner, Melanie B; American Heart Association Statistics Committee; Stroke Statistics Subcommittee

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

The authors report a case of a 15-month-old infant who presented a left hemiballismus associated with left Marcus-Gunn pupil, and retrobulbar optic neuritis, which disappeared spontaneously in 7 days. Six weeks later, the infant experienced a mild paraparesis with a palsy of the left sixth cranial nerve, which disappeared following steroid therapy. Evoked visual potentials elicited abnormal latencies; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed a rise in white cells and oligoclonal bands. According to the usual classification, this case corresponds to definite multiple sclerosis. The fact that hemiballismus was the initial clinical feature in an infant makes this observation very interesting. In the literature, eight cases of hemiballismus in patients with multiple sclerosis are reported; however, only two cases of multiple sclerosis in infancy have been published, making our case report of particular interest.

Hemiballismus revealing multiple sclerosis in an infant.

To the Editor: Since valproate sodium has been found to be effective in the treatment of some abnormal extrapyramidal movements, such as hemiballismus,’,’ Sydenham’s chorea,’ and familial paroxysmal choreoathetosis,4 we evaluated the effects of valproate sodium in choreoathetosis following neonatal anoxic encephalopathy. We studied a group of 10 children from 12 to 19 years of age with choreoathetosis. All children had difficult births with cyanosis and bradycardia, necessitating resuscitation. The children all had abnormal choreoathetoid movements of the hands, neck, and face. The abnormal movements were present at rest and increased by stress and mental and physical activities. Examination revealed dysarthric speech, disordered posture, abnormal gait, and impairment of fine finger manipulations. None of the children had ever been treated with neuroleptics (dopamine antagonists). Children were randomly assigned to groups receiving either valproate sodium (200 mg tid) or placebo. Neither the patient nor the examining physician were aware of the group assignment. Every two months during the six-month drug trial, one examiner evaluated each child. In those children

Valproate Sodium in Postanoxic Choreoathetosis

Sir: We have performed 8 anterior callosotomies in patients with intractable epilepsy, especially those with generalized atonic or tonic seizures, during the past 2 years. The fits came from generalized bilateral spikes or from frontal spikes. In all patients, we observed a significant decrease in the number of epileptic crises, and a very considerable improvement in such neuropsychological behavior as frontal syndrome, described with epilepsy in the literature [5] and related in our experience to changes of cerebral flow observed at single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). We thought that a mention of 2 children in our group would be of value. The first, a 13-year-old boy with a history of brain injury at birth, developed intractable epilepsy at the age of 6 months and then mental retardation. Despite treatment with phenobarbital, sodium valproate, carbamazepine, and clonazepan, he had experienced 1-2 atonic seizures per day since the age of 3 years. Behavioral changes, reported by the parents since the age of 10 years, were characterized by aggressiveness, distraction, echolalia, echopraxia, and alexithymia. He had grasp and snout reflexes, was unable to repeat a series of five names of animals, fruits, or vegetables, and was unable to perform movements simultaneously with both hands. These symptoms were included in a frontal syndrome demonstrated by EEG recording of frontal spikes, a CT scan showing frontal atrophy, and SPECT showing low frontal lobe blood flow. His IQ, measured by the WAIS test, was 75. The Wada test revealed no language center on the right.

Maurice Giroud

Papers

Hemiballismus revealing multiple sclerosis in an infant.

Valproate Sodium in Postanoxic Choreoathetosis

Corpus callosotomy for intractable seizures in the pediatric age group: influence on frontal syndrome.

Wernicke's encephalopathy due to hyperemesis gravidarum … and fetal stroke: What relationship?

L'artère cérébrale moyenne dense: signification étiologique et pronostique