The role of probiotics in aquaculture

The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids

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Probiotics in aquaculture: The need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes

The growth of aquaculture as an industry has accelerated over the past decades; this has resulted in environmental damages and low productivity of various crops. The need for increased disease resistance, growth of aquatic organisms, and feed efficiency has brought about the use of probiotics in aquaculture practices. The first application of probiotics occurred in 1986, to test their ability to increase growth of hydrobionts (organisms that live in water). Later, probiotics were used to improve water quality and control of bacterial infections. Nowadays, there is documented evidence that probiotics can improve the digestibility of nutrients, increase tolerance to stress, and encourage reproduction. Currently, there are commercial probiotic products prepared from various bacterial species such as Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., Carnobacterium sp., and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae among others, and their use is regulated by careful management recommendations. The present paper shows the current knowledge of the use of probiotics in aquaculture, its antecedents, and safety measures to be carried out and discusses the prospects for study in this field.

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Use of Probiotics in Aquaculture

Beneficial roles of feed additives as immunostimulants in aquaculture: a review

Use of the bacteria Streptococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as growth promoters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

In last decade, the total world fishery production decreased slightly and the human consumption for aquatic product increased. The reduction in capture fisheries was partly compensated for the fast growth of aquaculture industry. The need for enhanced disease resistance, feed efficiency, and growth performance of cultured organisms is substantial for various sectors of this industry. If growth performance and feed efficiency are increased in commercial aquaculture, the costs productions are likely to be reduced. Also if more aquatic organisms are able to resist diseases and survive the subsequent cost of medication and overall production costs would be reduced. Hormones, antibiotics, ionopheres and some salts compounds have been used at some extent to prevent disease and as growth promoters; however, their inadequate application can produce adverse disorders, such as hormone imbalance, poisoning and predisposition to disease development. In the search of new options, several studies have been carried out to test new compounds, from which the aquaculture industry has developed the concept of “functional additives”. Among these additives, the additions of microorganisms to diets, named probiotics, has shown to improve the energy expenditure derived from other sources such as carbohydrates and increase the incorporations of protein for growth; increase the immunity and disease resistance of host organism. The use of probiotics in aquaculture just begum, since that gastrointestinal microbiota of aquatic organisms has been poorly characterized; and their effects not be study extensive. This review summarizes and evaluates current knowledge of use and the action of probiotic in fish culture; and the potential for further application in aquaculture production.

The use of probiotic in aquaculture: an overview

This study evaluated the effects of two types of probiotics, a mix of two bacteria and one yeast, on growth performance and intestinal enzyme activity in Nile tilapia. Three diets were formulated containing the optimum protein level (40%) for tilapia fry: one was supplemented at 0.1% with a bacterial mixture containingStreptococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus; a second was supplemented at 0.1% with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and a third, was complemented with a control diet without supplements. Two additional diets were formulated to contain 27% protein to serve as a stress factor. They were supplemented at 0.1% with either the bacterial probiotic mix or the yeast. The diets were fed for 9 weeks to tilapia fry housed in 20-L tanks at two densities: a high density of 20 fry per tank as a stress factor; and a low density of 10 fry per tank. Every week an organism was selected from each tank for the enzymatic analyses of unicellular protein, alkaline phosphatase, disaccharidases and peptidase. Results indicate that the fry fed with diets containing probiotic supplement exhibited greater growth rate than those fed with control diet. Of the four probiotic treatments, the 40% protein diet supplemented with yeast produced the best growth performance and feeding efficiency. This was attributed to an increase in the alkaline phosphatase activity, suggesting that yeast is an appropriate growth-stimulating additive in tilapia cultivation.

	 

	Key words: Probiotic, Nile tilapia, enzymatic activity, streptococcus,Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces.

Effect of the inclusion of a bacterial mix (Streptococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus), and the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth, feed utilization and intestinal enzymatic activity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

In this study, the effect as growth promoter of five lactic acid strains ( Enterococcus faecium , E. durans , Leuconostoc sp., Streptococcus sp. I and Streptococcus sp. II), isolated from intestinal tract of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ), was evaluated. Eight isocaloric diets were formulated: one containing 40% of protein as positive control, and seven with 27% protein. Five diets with 27% protein were supplemented with one of the isolated lactic acid bacteria in a concentration of 2.5x106 cfu g-1 of diet. A commercial probiotic based on S. faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus was added at the same concentration to one 27% protein diet as a comparative diet, and the last diet was not supplemented with bacteria (negative control). Tilapia fry (280 mg basal weight) stocked in 15 L aquaria at a density of two per liter were fed for 12 weeks with experimental diets. Results showed that fry fed with native bacteria supplemented diets presented significantly higher growth and feeding performance than those fed with control diet. Treatment with Streptococcus sp. I isolated from the intestine of Tilapia produced the best growth and feeding efficiency, suggesting that this bacteria is an appropriate native growth promoter.

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The use of lactic acid bacteria isolated from intestinal tract of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), as growth promoters in fish fed low protein diets

The intestinal microflora of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) fish was studied to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria as new probiotic. A total of five lactic acid bacteria were isolated from intestine to evaluate with antibacterial properties. These strains were identified by conventional and molecular techniques as: Enterococcus faecium, Leuconostocmesenteroides, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus durans. Leuc.mesenteroides present more ability to inhibit growth of fish pathogens bacteria and selected as possible probiotic bacteria to use in aquaculture.

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Maurilio Lara-Flores

Papers

Use of the bacteria Streptococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as growth promoters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The use of probiotic in aquaculture: an overview

Effect of the inclusion of a bacterial mix (Streptococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus), and the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth, feed utilization and intestinal enzymatic activity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The use of lactic acid bacteria isolated from intestinal tract of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), as growth promoters in fish fed low protein diets

Antimicrobial Activities of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains Isolated from Nile Tilapia Intestine (Oreochromis niloticus)