We review the state of the art of privacy-preserving schemes for ad hoc social networks including mobile social networks (MSNs) and vehicular social networks (VSNs). Specifically, we select and examine in-detail 33 privacy-preserving schemes developed for or applied in the context of ad hoc social networks. Based on novel schemes published between 2008 and 2016, we survey privacy preservation models including location privacy, identity privacy, anonymity, traceability, interest privacy, backward privacy, and content oriented privacy. Recent significant attacks of leaking privacy, countermeasures, and game theoretic approaches in VSNs and MSNs are summarized in the form of tables. In addition, an overview of recommendations for further research is provided. With this survey, readers can acquire a thorough understanding of research trends in privacy-preserving schemes for ad hoc social networks.

Privacy-Preserving Schemes for Ad Hoc Social Networks: A Survey

Uniquely among the sciences, quantum cryptography has driven both foundational research as well as practical real-life applications. We review the progress of quantum cryptography in the last decade, covering quantum key distribution and other applications. Quanta 2017; 6: 1–47.

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Quantum Cryptography: Key Distribution and Beyond

In this paper, we review the state of the art of privacy-preserving schemes for ad hoc social networks, including, mobile social networks (MSNs) and vehicular social networks (VSNs). Specifically, we select and in-detail examine thirty-three privacy preserving schemes developed for or applied in the context of ad hoc social networks. These schemes are published between 2008 and 2016. Based on this existing privacy preservation schemes, we survey privacy preservation models, including location privacy, identity privacy, anonymity, traceability, interest privacy, backward privacy, and content oriented privacy. The recent important attacks of leaking privacy, countermeasures, and game theoretic approaches in VSNs and MSNs are summarized in form of tables. In addition, an overview of recommendations for further research is also provided. With this survey, readers can have a more thorough understanding of research trends in privacy-preserving schemes for ad hoc social networks

Privacy-preserving schemes for Ad Hoc Social Networks: A survey

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are increasingly integrated into our daily lives. Access Points (APs) are an integral part of the WLAN infrastructure, as they are responsible for coordinating wireless users and connecting them to the wired side of the network and, eventually, to the Internet. APs are deployed everywhere, from airports and shopping malls to coffee shops and hospitals, to provide Internet connectivity. One of the most serious security problems encountered by WLAN users is the existence of Rogue Access Points (RAPs). This article classifies existing solutions, identifies vulnerabilities, and suggests future directions for research into these RAPs. The ultimate objective is to classify existing detection techniques and find new RAP types that have not been classified by the research community. The literature typically categorizes Evil-twin, Unauthorized, Compromised, and Improperly Configured RAPs. Two other types have largely been abandoned by researchers, but can be classified as Denial of Service RAP attacks. These are deauthentication/disassociation attacks targeting wireless users, and the forging of the first message in a four-way handshake.

Rogue Access Point Detection: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Future Directions

Uniquely among the sciences, quantum cryptography has driven both foundational research as well as practical real-life applications. We review the progress of quantum cryptography in the last decade, covering quantum key distribution and other applications.

Quantum cryptography: key distribution and beyond

Contemporary implementations of Quantum Key Distribution are based on BB84, first proposed in 1984, and commercially implemented for limited market applications in the early 2000s. A major limitation of BB84 is that it requires no more than a single photon per time slot. But no device can reliably generate single photons with guaranteed periodicity. In this paper, we address the practical issues of realizing quantum cryptography systems. In particular, we address the major shortcomings of quantum cryptography as practiced today - the limitation of requiring a single photon to be used in communication. This not only affects the security of the practical quantum cryptography systems, but also restricts the distance over which secure keys can be sent and their rate. Our approach is not limited to a single photon per time-slot thus making it possible to send keys faster and over longer distances. The paper discusses the innate nature of multi-photon communication protocols as a surrogate for quantum communication while giving it a cryptographic strength that would closely match that of a pure quantum communication system.

Multi-photon tolerant secure quantum communication — From theory to practice

The paper presents the implementation of a quantum cryptography protocol for secure communication As computing power increases, classical cryptography and key management schemes based on computational complexity become increasingly susceptible to brute force and cryptanalytic attacks Current implementations of quantum cryptography are based on the BB84 protocol, which is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical laser sources The three-stage protocol, whose implementation is described in this paper, is a departure from conventional practice and it obviates some of the known vulnerabilities of the current implementations of quantum cryptography This paper presents an implementation of the three-stage quantum communication protocol in free-space To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first implementation of a quantum protocol where multiple photons can be used for secure communication

Multi-photon implementation of three-stage quantum cryptography protocol

Systems and methods for encoding a message are disclosed. A message may be passed from a first node to a second node via a communication link using a multi-stage cryptography algorithm distributed between the first node and the second node and applied by circuitry within the first node and the second node in which the multi-stage cryptography algorithm includes instructions for transmitting at least two optical signal transmissions across the communication path and using a number of independent transformations of polarization state of the optical signal transmission by a combination of the first node and the second node at least equal to the number of optical signal transmissions across the communication link.

Optical cryptography systems and methods

This paper presents a multi-stage, multi-photon quantum key distribution protocol based on the double-lock cryptography. It exploits the asymmetry in the detection strategies between the legitimate users and the eavesdropper. The security analysis of the protocol is presented with coherent states under the intercept-resend attack, the photon number splitting attack, and the man-in-the-middle attack. It is found that the mean photon number can be much larger than one. This complements the recent interest in multi-photon quantum communication protocols that require a pre-shared key between the legitimate users.

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Multi-Photon Quantum Key Distribution Based on Double-Lock Encryption

The paper presents the implementation of a quantum cryptography protocol for secure communication between servers in the cloud. As computing power increases, classical cryptography and key management schemes based on computational complexity become increasingly susceptible to brute force and cryptanalytic attacks. Current implementations of quantum cryptography are based on the BB84 protocol, which is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical laser sources. The three-stage protocol, whose implementation is described in this paper, is a departure from conventional practice and it obviates some of the known vulnerabilities of the current implementations of quantum cryptography. This paper presents an implementation of the three-stage quantum communication protocol in free-space. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first implementation of a quantum protocol where multiple photons can be used for secure communication.

Mayssaa El Rifai

Papers

Multi-photon tolerant secure quantum communication — From theory to practice

Multi-photon implementation of three-stage quantum cryptography protocol

Optical cryptography systems and methods

Multi-Photon Quantum Key Distribution Based on Double-Lock Encryption

Implementation of Secure Quantum Protocol using Multiple Photons for Communication